LPIC-1: Linux Administrator 101-500 Dumps Questions

We updated 102-500 exam dumps for your LPIC-1: Linux Administrator certification. We know that getting LPIC-1: Linux Administrator certification requires you answer both 101-500 and 102-500 exams. Today, we updated 101-500 exam dumps also to ensure that you can complete the LPIC-1 certification.

LPIC-1: Linux Administrator 101-500 Free Dumps

1. Which type of file system is created by mkfs when it is executed with the block device name only and without any additional parameters?

• XFS
• VFAT
• ext2
• ext3
• ext4

2. Which umask value ensures that new directories can be read, written and listed by their owning user, read and listed by their owning group and are not accessible at all for everyone else?

• 0750
• 0027
• 0036
• 7640
• 0029

3. Which of the following commands changes the number of days before the ext3 filesystem on /dev/sda1 has to run through a full filesystem check while booting?

• tune2fs Cd 200 /dev/sda1
• tune2fs Ci 200 /dev/sda1
• tune2fs Cc 200 /dev/sda1
• tune2fs Cn 200 /dev/sda1
• tune2fs –days 200 /dev/sda1

4. Which is the default percentage of reserved space for the root user on new ext4 filesystems?

• 10%
• 3%
• 15%
• 0%
• 5%

5. Which of the following is true when a file system, which is neither listed in /etc/fstabnor known to system, is mounted manually?

• systemd ignores any manual mounts which are not done using the systemctl mountcommand
• The command systemctl mountsynccan be used to create a mount unit based on the existing mount
• systemd automatically generates a mount unit and monitors the mount point without changing it
• Unless a systemd mount unit is created, systemd unmounts the file system after a short period of time
• systemctl unmountmust be used to remove the mount because system opens a file descriptor on the mount point

6. What does the command mount –bind do?

• It makes the contents of one directory available in another directory
• It mounts all available filesystems to the current directory
• It mounts all user mountable filesystems to the user’s home directory
• It mounts all file systems listed in /etc/fstab which have the option userbindset
• It permanently mounts a regular file to a directory

7. Consider the following directory:

drwxrwxr-x 2 root sales 4096 Jan 1 15:21 sales

Which command ensures new files created within the directory sales are owned by the group sales? (Choose two.)

• chmod g+ssales
• setpol CR newgroup=sales sales
• chgrp Cp sales sales
• chown –persistent *.sales sales
• chmod 2775 sales

8. In order to display all currently mounted filesystems, which of the following commands could be used? (Choose two.)

• cat /proc/self/mounts
• free
• lsmounts
• mount
• cat /proc/filesystems

9. Which chown command changes the ownership to dave and the group to staff on a file named data.txt?

• chown dave/staff data.txt
• chown Cu dave Cg staff data.txt
• chown –user dave –group staff data.txt
• chown dave+staff data.txt
• chown dave:staff data.txt

10. When considering the use of hard links, what are valid reasons not to use hard links?

• Hard links are not available on all Linux systems because traditional filesystems, such as ext4, do not support them
• Each hard link has individual ownership, permissions and ACLs which can lead to unintended disclosure of file content
• Hard links are specific to one filesystem and cannot point to files on another filesystem
• If users other than root should be able to create hard links, suln has to be installed and configured
• When a hard linked file is changed, a copy of the file is created and consumes additional space

11. In compliance with the FHS, in which of the directories are man pages found?

• /opt/man/
• /usr/doc/
• /usr/share/man/
• /var/pkg/man
• /var/man/

12. What is the process ID number of the init process on a System V init based system?

• -1
• 0
• 1
• It is different with each reboot
• It is set to the current run level

13. Which daemon handles power management events on a Linux system?

• acpid
• batteryd
• pwrmgntd
• psd
• inetd

14. Which of the following statements are true about the boot sequence of a PC using a BIOS? (Choose two.)

• Some parts of the boot process can be configured from the BIOS
• Linux does not require the assistance of the BIOS to boot a computer
• The BIOS boot process starts only if secondary storage, such as the hard disk, is functional
• The BIOS initiates the boot process after turning the computer on
• The BIOS is started by loading hardware drivers from secondary storage, such as the hard disk

15. What is true regarding UEFI firmware? (Choose two.)

• It can read and interpret partition tables
• It can use and read certain file systems
• It stores its entire configuration on the /boot/ partition
• It is stored in a special area within the GPT metadata
• It is loaded from a fixed boot disk position

Source: dumpsbase.com

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LPI Level 1 102-500 Dumps Questions

Recently we updated 102-500 dumps questions for your LPIC-1: Linux Administrator certification. We know that getting LPIC-1: Linux Administrator certification requires you answer both 101-500 and 102-500 exams. Today, we updated 102-500 dumps questions also to ensure that you can complete the LPIC-1 certification.

1. Which command makes the shell variable named VARIABLE visible to subshells?

• export $VARIABLE
• export VARIABLE
• set $VARIABLE
• set VARIABLEwrong
• env VARIABLE

2. Which of the following files, when existing, affect the behavior of the Bash shell? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

• ~/.bashconf
• ~/.bashrc
• ~/.bashdefaultswrong
• ~/.bash_etc
• ~/.bash_profile

3. Which command allows you to make a shell variable visible to subshells?

• export $VARIABLE
• export VARIABLE
• set $VARIABLE
• set VARIABLEwrong
• env VARIABLE

4. What is the purpose of the file /etc/profile?

• It contains the welcome message that is displayed after login.
• It contains security profiles defining which users are allowed to log in.
• It contains environment variables that are set when a user logs in.
• It contains default application profiles for users that run an application for the first time.

5. Which of the following are requirements in order to run a shell script like a regular command from anywhere in the filesystem? (Choose THREE correct answers.)

• The user issuing the command must be in the group script.
• The script file must be found in the $PAT
• The script file must have the executable permission bit set.
• The script must begin with a shebang-line (#!) that points to the correct interpreter.wrong
• The file system on which the script resides must be mounted with the option scripts.

6. Which of the following words is used to restrict the records that are returned from a SELECT query based on a supplied criteria for the values in the records?

• LIMIT
• FROM
• WHERE
• IF

7. Which of the following configuration files should be modified to set default shell variables for all users?

• /etc/bashrc
• /etc/profile
• ~/.bash_profile
• /etc/.bashrc

8. Which of the following commands lists all defined variables and functions within Bash?

• env
• set
• env -a
• echo $ENV

9. When the command echo $$ outputs 12942, what is the meaning of 12942?

• It is the process ID of the echo command.
• It is the process ID of the current shell.
• It is the process ID of the last command executed.
• It is the process ID of the last command which has been placed in the background.

10. How can the existing environment variable FOOBAR be suppressed for the execution of the script./myscript only?

• unset -v FOOBAR;./myscript
• set -a FOOBAR="";./myscript
• env -u FOOBA
• /myscript
• env -i FOOBA
• /myscript

11. Which of the following words is used to restrict the records that are returned from a SELECT SQL query based on a supplied criteria for the values in the records?

• CASE
• FROM
• WHERE
• IF

12. Which of the following commands puts the output of the command date into the shell variable mydate?

• mydate="$(date)"
• mydate="exec date"
• mydate="$((date))"
• mydate="date"
• mydate="${date}"

13. You are looking into a new script you received from your senior administrator. In the very first line you notice a #! followed by a file path.

This indicates that:

• The file at that location was used to make the script.
• This script provides identical functionality as the file at that location.
• This script will self-extract into a file at that location.
• The program at that location will be used to process the script.

14. What keyword is missing from this code sample of a shell script?

____ i in *.txt; do

echo $i

done

• for
• loop
• until
• while

15. Which of the following SQL statements will select the fields name and address from the contacts table?

• SELECT (name, address) FROM contacts;
• SELECT (name address) FROM contacts;
• SELECT name, address FROM contacts;
• SELECT name address FROM contacts;

16. What output will the following command sequence produce?

echo '1 2 3 4 5 6' | while read a b c; do

echo result: $c $b $a;

done

• result: 3 4 5 6 2 1
• result: 1 2 3 4 5 6
• result: 6 5 4
• result: 6 5 4 3 2 1
• result: 3 2 1

17. Which of the following SQL queries counts the number of occurrences for each value of the field order_type in the table orders?

• SELECT order_type,COUNT(*) FROM orders WHERE order_type=order_type;
• SELECT order_type,COUNT(*) FROM orders GROUP BY order_type;
• COUNT(SELECT order_type FROM orders);
• SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders ORDER BY order_type;
• SELECT AUTO_COUNT FROM orders COUNT order_type;

18. What benefit does an alias in bash provide?

• It provides faster lookups for commands in the system directory.
• It creates a local copy of a file from another directory.
• It hides what command you are running from others.
• It allows a string to be substituted for the first word of a simple command.

19. When the command echo $ outputs 1, which of the following statements is true?

• It is the process ID of the echo command.
• It is the process ID of the current shell.
• It is the exit value of the command executed immediately before echo.
• It is the exit value of the echo command.

20. What output will the following command produce?

seq 1 5 20

• 1 6 11 16
• 1 5 10 15
• 1 2 3 4
• 2 3 4 5
• 5 10 15 20

21. What output will the command seq 10 produce?

• A continuous stream of numbers increasing in increments of 10 until stopped.
• The numbers 1 through 10 with one number per line.
• The numbers 0 through 9 with one number per line.
• The number 10 to standard output.

22. What is the difference between the commands test -e path and test -f path?

• They are equivalent options with the same behaviour.
• The -f option tests for a regular file. The -e option tests for an empty file.
• Both options check the existence of the path. The -f option also confirms that it is a regular file.
• The -f option tests for a regular file. The -e option tests for an executable file.

23. After issuing:

function myfunction { echo $1 $2 ; }

in Bash, which output does:

myfunction A B C

Produce?

• A B
• A B C
• A C
• B C
• C B A

24. Which of the following is the best way to list all defined shell variables?

• env
• set
• env -a
• echo $ENV

25. How is a display manager started?

• It is started by a user using the command startx.
• It is started like any other system service by the init system.
• It is started by inetd when a remote hosts connects to the X11 port.
• It is started automatically when a X11 user logs in to the system console.

Source: dumpsbase.com

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The Secret of Morrolinux’s Success - Part 1: Evolution From the Beginnings

As we recently announced on this site, Morrolinux recently signed with the Linux Professional Institute (LPI) as a new Platinum Training Partner (ATP) for Italy.

Morrolinux is a one-man-project providing GNU/Linux and computer networking online training via Udemy, creating content with open source video-editing related tools, and handing all the setup, design, development, curation, and promotion for a YouTube Channel that can boast–as we are writing–65k subscribers

In this two-part series, LPI Community Manager Massimiliano “Max” Roveri, who has been involved in the set up of the partnership, interviews the man behind Morrolinux’s success, Moreno Razzoli, to share with you this amazing story from the Italian Linux and Open Source community.

Ciao, Moreno, and thank you for talking with us today. You are a very important  voice in the Italian Linux community and, on top of that, you recently decided to become an LPI Partner. We thought the wider, global LPI community would be interested in your story. Let’s start with not “a” question, but “the” question: How has Linux changed your life? How, and when, did that change start to happen?

Anyone who has tried to use Linux as the primary OS on their PC knows that not everything always works, or works as well as we would like to, especially on a desktop. This was the paradox that changed my life (for the better!) in the long run. I installed my first distro in 2008: the brand new, shiny Ubuntu 8.04, which was a big step forward for GNU/Linux  in terms of usability for a newbie (at the time) but still far from being perfect…I ran into a thousand problems.

OK, and how did you navigate those problems?

Even the most essential things I had always taken for granted just didn't work; I couldn't find the control panel and didn't understand how to use the terminal. I often got angry, but I was so fascinated and attracted by the operating system that I soon realized I had already abandoned Windows for good. My transition was not a gradual one but a cold shower. Shortly afterwards, I decided to format the Windows partition to make room for a new installation of Linux.

And… what happened?

Well, I was formatting a lot. Sometimes the sound card or the microphone were not working, so I'd follow random guides, copying stuff from blogs and forums without even reading the postings, and pasting commands I didn't understand into the terminal. Needless to say, most of the time I ended up with a system more broken than before.  Then I would format. Or I would switch distros until I found the one on which the microphone would work. For a while, I have been using Mandriva for that reason alone. I didn't even like KDE, but I had no idea that the Desktop Environment could be changed back then… 

Keeping on making trouble and formatting to "fix" the troubles, I've learned to be patient and that taking the time to read and understand what you're doing is the only way to go. Little by little, I learned to use search engines effectively, formulate questions correctly and understandably, and even solve some problems with the help of the forums.

By December 5, 2008, my only thought was to spread the good spell, let the world know that there is an amazing operating system called "GNU/Linux" that - even though I didn't know it yet - would change the way I think about computing forever.

It seems quite a great feeling…

Indeed! I was at the top of the Dunning-Kruger curve. I had just learned a couple of terminal commands but I felt like Neo. It was time to open a YouTube channel.

In the following months, I started posting video tutorials on the things I had learned. Working on those tutorials, I discovered my passion for teaching: I was not only contributing to a good cause (GNU/Linux world domination), I was also helping other people intuitively understand complex concepts in a way I felt absolutely comfortable with. Using Linux also taught me the art of making do. Sometimes things are not as polished as in other operating systems, but this is not like any other operating system!

Free software is a bit like a canvas that is never completed. Don't like something? You can change it. Need a particular feature? Create it yourself! Linux users are tireless problem solvers, and companies love that. If you're the kind of person who learns best by doing, the FLOSS landscape is your heaven. I've lost count of how many projects I've adapted to my specific needs over time, but some of the most relevant ones I've shared on YouTube, and I hope they will inspire those who follow me to treat those projects as I have: Use them, break them, make them better. Then break them again!

Would you like to give us an insight into your YouTube channel?

In my videos, I want to convey to the audience as much as I can the enthusiasm I feel when I make a discovery or solve a real-world problem using the software. That's why I rarely plan my content or spend time in the preliminary phase: My most successful videos are those in which there is as little time as possible between the idea and its realization. When it comes to conveying enthusiasm, my mantra is: Strike while the iron is hot!

Your channel is now very close to 65k subscribers. Do you feel like an influencer? What would being a Linux influencer actually mean?

I've always treated my channel as a bit of a show about what I'm passionate about in the world of computing, with a kind of down-to-earth attitude. When I post a video, my only goal is to spread the word about the topic to as many people as possible and maybe get a few more people interested. I don't know whether that makes me an influencer–I've never considered myself one–but there's an element of "influencing" in what I do because my videos often reflect my point of view. It's not uncommon for someone in Italy to discover Linux by watching one of my videos or starting their FLOSS journey from the resources I post on my channel: I am always careful to use accessible terminology and inclusive language. Still, the cause I care most about is dispelling false myths about GNU/Linux and free software in general.

I can guess the relationship you have with your community is mainly a digital one: Do you have any “special” story from the interactions you have with it? And did you have any occasion for interacting with your community in the real world?

A few months ago, I started looking for accommodation in Milan, as I had to relocate for work reasons. I had mentioned this in one of my videos, and a person offered to help me with the search. We exchanged a few messages, and, after moving in, we met for a chat over a coffee. Mauro (not the real name) immediately made me feel welcome in a new and unexplored context, and it was really heartening to make his acquaintance. Before leaving, he said to me: "It's me who has to thank you. Thanks to your courses, I got certified, passed the technical interviews at this important company, and left the old job that was killing me both morally and professionally." These words will resonate with me for a long, long time.

The “other side of Morrolinux” is your activity on Udemy, where the users can find your courses for the LPI Certifications. What is your approach in designing the courseware? How do you connect the LPI-related materials of yours to the YouTube channel?

While designing the courseware, I always try to put myself in the shoes of a newbie. We have all been neophytes at some point: no one knows everything, and it is easy to forget this phase and its doubts and difficulties.

I am no exception, but I have the advantage of always having a large community to back me up: They weigh in through comments on YouTube or the Telegram group (morrolinux > /dev/null), where it is easy to find people of all ages, backgrounds, and experience exchanging opinions, advice, and pieces of information, but also asking for and providing help.

It's the community feedback and activity that helps me stay close to the needs of more inexperienced users and, at the same time, find more exciting topics for more experienced users.

Each of my videos contains some element of GNU/Linux administration, from starting a service to changing the fstab or grub settings and so on. For instance, when I share with the community the latest gimmick or project I have made, I often also go into how I made it.

In this way, I don't just provide ideas but apply them and put them in context, which in my opinion, is crucial. As the LPI program is, ultimately, a complete and well-structured manual for the far and wide administration of a GNU/Linux system, it's natural that the topics I cover go hand in hand with the LPI certification program. But what makes my channel accessible is that to understand my videos you don't need to follow my courses, because I always try to provide the basics within each video. 

Of course, acquiring loose notions here and there in bits and pieces from a series of YouTube videos is not the best way to learn such a vast subject and obtain a solid foundation. But that is what my courses are for.

Source: lpi.org

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LPIC-3 Exam: 304-200 FAQ

What is the LPIC-3 Exam: 304-200 Exam?

The LPIC-3 certification is the conclusion of the multi-level professional certification program of the Linux Professional Institute (LPI). LPIC-3 Exam: 304 – Linux Enterprise Professional Virtualization and High Availability is outlined for the enterprise-level Linux professional and represents the highest level of professional, distribution-neutral Linux certification within the industry.

How many questions are there in the LPIC-3 Exam: 304 – Linux Enterprise Professional Virtualization and High Availability Exam?

The Exam consists of 60 Questions.

How much will I be given to take the LPIC-3 Exam: 304-200 Exam?

To complete the LPIC-3 Exam: 304-200 the candidate will be given 90 minutes.

What is the registration fee for the LPIC-3 Exam: 304-200 Exam?

The registration for the above-mentioned exam is USD 200 plus taxes.

How much do I need to score to qualify the LPIC-3 Exam: 304-200 Exam?

A candidate scoring 500 out of 800 will be marked as passed for the LPIC-3 Exam: 304-200.

Is the LPIC-3 Exam: 304-200 only available in the English language?

The exam is available in various languages like English, German, Japanese, Portuguese, Spanish, Chinese (Simplified) and Chinese (Traditional). 

What is the course outline of the LPIC-3 Exam: 304-200?

The exam objectives for the exam include:

◉ Virtualization

◉ High Availability Cluster Management

◉ High Availability Cluster Storage

How can I prepare for the LPIC-3 Exam: 304 – Linux Enterprise Professional Virtualization and High Availability?

The candidate can prepare for the LPIC-3 Exam: 304 – Linux Enterprise Professional Virtualization and High Availability by some steps such as visiting the official site, learning, and understanding the objectives, books and guides, practice tests, training programs, etc. 

What are the benefits of certification?

The main point of distinction between LPI and other Linux certification programs is that LPI certification exams are entirely vendor-independent and also distribution neutral. This enables candidates to showcase their skills across the distributions giving you the flexibility essential in working in a wide range of environments.

Why do you use written tests?

LPI prefers written exams as these exams are accepted as standardized exams globally. For a more detailed explanation, see the Exam Development Process.

Does it matter which version of the exams I write?

No, you are free to take any version of the exam. Whenever LPI releases a new version of any exam, then the previous version remains available for a maximum of 6 months. This is done to allow candidates to take the version that they have prepared for.

Where can I take the exams?

LPI certification exams are offered in-person, worldwide at Pearson VUE testing centres.

What is the platform LPI uses for online exams?

LPI uses Pearson VUE’s OnVUE testing platform.

What are the technical and logistical requirements for writing an OnVUE online exam?

The main requirement includes a Mac or Windows OS. However, LPI is encouraging Pearson VUE to make the testing available on Linux systems as well. For more information visit: https://home.pearsonvue.com/vue-test/onvue. 

What languages are supported?

The exam languages are English, German, Japanese, Dutch, Portuguese (Brazilian), Chinese (Simplified), and Chinese (Traditional).

Is the pricing for the exams going to stay the same for online testing? Can I use an exam voucher that I’ve already purchased?

Yes, exam pricing shall remain to be the same. Purchasing a voucher will help you schedule your online test with OnVUE.

When will I get my results?

After completing your exam, you will immediately receive your results and a score report. Within 24 hours, Pearson VUE will then transfer your exam results to LPI, post which your certification will be issued by LPI.

Note: Physical certificates are not issued for Linux Essentials.

When will more exams and languages become available for online testing?

These updates for the Linux Essentials exam will be published on LPI’s coronavirus page.

How do I verify my certification status for potential employers?

You can verify your certification on LPI’s Certification Verification page. You must enter your LPI ID and certification verification code.

How long will it take to receive my certification package once I’ve passed?

Your certification will be sent via regular post within 6-8 weeks for delivery. However, for Linux Essentials Exam, no physical certification will be issued.

Can I receive a PDF copy of my certificate?

Yes, you can download a PDF copy of your certificate from the overview page from your lpi.org account.

Source: testpreptraining.com

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LPIC-1 (102-500): Certified Linux Administrator Interview Questions

The LPIC-1 (102-500): Certified Linux Administrator course is designed to match the real world of system administration: with its job task analysis surveys, the Linux Professional Institute determine what real sysadmins do on the job, and what skills they need. Therefore, to pass the interview round, you must showcase your ability to run Linux from a shell prompt, set up a Linux machine from scratch, and configure basic networking. Further, you need to have expertise in performing such tasks as running basic system administration commands on the command line, installing and configuring a Linux operating system, and setting up a network.

You may also go through our LPIC-1 (102-500): Certified Linux Administrator Online tutorial to further strengthen your knowledge base. Our Free Practice Tests will further help attain your desired certification and become competent to your employers in an ever-changing job market.

Everyone gets grilled during interviews. Even if you’re a seasoned expert, the questions you get asked at each new job will invariably be unique. But this doesn’t mean you’ll have to wing it when the time comes for your next interview. To help ease your post-interview nerves here’s a list of some of the more popular LPIC-1 (102-500): Certified Linux Administrator Interview Questions you may get asked. Let’s get started!

1. What is a Linux shell script?

A shell script is a text file containing a sequence of commands for a UNIX-based operating system. The name comes from the fact that it combines a sequence of commands that would otherwise have to be typed into the keyboard one at a time into a single script.

2. Could you differentiate between shell and bash scripting?

Bash stands for “Bourne Again Shell”, and is a better version of the original Bourne shell (sh). A shell script can be used in any shell, but Bash scripts may only be used in a Bash environment.

3. Could you explain the purpose of skeleton directories?

A skeleton directory is a directory used by popular hosting programs such as cPanel or Plesk to store default files and folders. To find this directory, log in to your server via WHM (Web Host Manager) in your browser. Type ‘skell’ into the search box(a), and this will sort the menu options for you.

4. How does the Shebang work in Linux?

The shebang —the first line of the script file— tells the kernel which program to use to run the program in a file. A shebang is any one-line comment that has the characters 

5. How would you define SUID permissions?

The SUID bit is called Set owner User ID. This bit is a special permission that applies to scripts or applications. When the SUID bit is set, when the command is run, its effective UID becomes that of the owner of the file instead of the user running it.

6. How would you define the X11 architecture?

The X Window System (aka X11) is a network protocol for displaying graphics on a variety of different hardware platforms. It has been implemented by a number of different vendors for a wide variety of hardware platforms. In Ubuntu, we ship X11 as implemented by the X.org project on Linux.

7. Is Wayland better than X11?

Wayland is more lightweight than X, as it avoids most of X11’s legacy baggage. One of the primary reasons for X11’s complexity is that its function has changed over the years. As a result, today, X11 widely serves as “a really terrible” communications protocol between the clients and the window managers.

8. How would you explain what Xorg does in Linux?

Xorg is an open-source X11-based desktop infrastructure. It is a piece of software that allows you to interact with your hardware and run graphical programs and applications. Xorg is also fully network-aware, meaning that you can run a program on one computer while actually viewing it on another.

9. What assistive technologies are available in Fedora and Ubuntu versions of Linux?

Ubuntu comes with a number of accessibility tools pre-installed and activated. The screen reader, magnifier, and on-screen keyboard can be activated using the Gnome Assistive Technology Preferences panel, found under System>Preferences in the Applications menu.

10. Could you explain a User Group in the database?

User groups are essentially database items that are used as a representation of a collection of user accounts. They’re designed to make it easier to manage the privileges and permissions of multiple user accounts at once. Typically, you create a user group to represent a collection of user accounts or sometimes even a department within your organization.

11. What is the difference between a job and a cron job?

By creating Kubernetes Jobs, transient pods can be created that perform specific tasks. A CronJob does the same thing, but it runs the tasks according to a defined schedule.

12. What do you mean by localization?

The process of localizing a product, application, or document refers to modifying its content to meet the linguistic, cultural, geographical, and other requirements of a specific market (a locale).

13. What is the difference between localization and Internationalisation?

Internationalization is the design of software so it can be adapted to various languages and regions. Whereas, localization is the actual adaptation of internationalized software for a specific region or language by translating text and adding locale-specific components.

14. How would you define the NTP Chrony?

Chrony is a free software package that allows computers to synchronize their clocks over the network, using the Network Time Protocol (NTP). It’s a replacement for the ntpd, which is a reference implementation of the NTP. Chrony runs on Unix-like operating systems (including Linux and macOS) and is released under version 2 of the GNU General Public License.

15. Can Chrony and NTP run together?

Yes, one can have multiple instances of Chrony on a computer at once. One can operate as an NTP client to synchronize the system clock and another as a server for other computers.

16. Could you highlight the functions of Syslog?

The System Logging Protocol (Syslog) is a standardized way for network devices to send out notifications in a standard message format. Syslog was designed to make it easy to monitor network devices. A Syslog agent, typically installed on the device, can send out notification messages under a wide range of specific conditions, such as when certain types of errors are spotted or when certain events happen.

17. What is meant by the Syslog configuration?

The Syslog daemon (Syslogd) provides a central location for logging messages generated by applications running on your Unix or Linux system. Its configuration file, /etc/Syslog.conf defines logging rules and output destinations for error messages, authorization violation messages, and trace data. Logging rules are defined using a facility name and a priority code.

18. What do you know about the CUPS command?

CUPS, a utility suite for managing printers, provides several commands to set up printers and make those printers accessible to systems on the network. In addition, CUPS supports several printer-specific options that enable you to control printer configuration.

19. What are the differences between IPv6 and IPv4 security?

Although IPv6 is designed with built-in encryption capabilities and packet integrity checking, IPv4 can be configured to offer similar security features, so there is essentially no difference between the two when it comes to Internet Protocol security (IPsec).

20. What are the basic TCP IP parameters?

◉ Hostname.

◉ DHCP client.

◉ Domain name.

◉ IP address.

◉ Netmask.

◉ Broadcast address.

◉ Default router.

21. Could you tell me what do Net-Tools include?

The net-tools package contains a collection of programs that form the base set of the NET- 3 network distribution for Linux. These tools control the network subsystem of the Linux kernel, including arp, hostname, ifconfig, netstat, rarp, and route.

22. What is the importance of the DNS servers?

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a server that is devoted to matching site names, such as example.com, to their corresponding Internet Protocol or IP addresses. The DNS server contains a database including the public IP addresses along with their corresponding domain names.

23. Could you tell me some of the safest DNS servers?

◉ Google Public DNS. IP Addresses: 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4

◉ OpenDNS. IP Addresses: 208.67.220.220 and 208.67.222.222

◉ DNSWatch. IP Addresses: 84.200.69.80 and 84.200.70.40

◉ OpenNIC. IP Addresses: 206.125.173.29 and 45.32.230.225

◉ UncensoredDNS.

24. What are the advantages of shadow passwords over traditional password systems?

Shadow passwords store encrypted passwords in a location that is not readily accessible. Shadow passwords provide a number of benefits, including the ability to store encrypted passwords in /etc/shadow, instead of the unencrypted passwords used in most systems. 

25. What is the difference between shadow and Passwd?

The /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files have different pieces of data. Passwd contains the users’ public information (UID, full name, home directory), while shadow contains the hashed password along with the password expiry date.

26. Could you define TCP wrappers and how they work?

TCP Wrapper allows users to control who may access their computers. The program monitors incoming packets and checks to see if any external entity is attempting to connect. If a connection attempt is detected, TCP Wrapper examines whether the external entity is authorized. If it is authorized for connection, access is permitted; if not, access is denied. The program can be customized to suit the individual user or network needs.

27. How would you define GPG configuration?

GPG.conf is the configuration file that GPGreads on startup. This file may contain any valid long option, but the leading two dashes must not be entered and the option may not be abbreviated. This default name may be changed on the command line (GPG-option –options). You should backup this file.

28. How do GPG encryption and decryption work?

To send someone a secret message, you encrypt it using their public key. They then decrypt the message using their private key. The encrypted message and the short key are sent to the recipient who decrypts them using their own private key.

29. Is GPG encryption secure?

GPG is very secure, as long as you choose a strong enough passphrase. In practice, your passphrase will almost always be the weakest link. This instructs GPG to use a password hashing method that is slow enough to make brute-force guessing impractical, but only if you enter your passphrase on every operation.

30. Could you elaborate on the SSH port tunneling?

SSH tunneling makes it possible to transport arbitrary data over an encrypted SSH connection. It can be used to forward connections made to a port on your own desktop to a remote machine via a secure channel.

Source: testpreptraining.com

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Linux Professional Institute LPIC-3 High Availability and Storage Clusters

The LPIC-3 certification is the culmination of the multi-level professional certification program of the Linux Professional Institute (LPI). LPIC-3 is designed for the enterprise-level Linux professional and represents the highest level of professional, distribution-neutral Linux certification within the industry. Four separate LPIC-3 specialty certifications are available. Passing any one of the fourexams will grant the LPIC-3 certification for that specialty.

The LPIC-3 High Availability and Storage Clusters certification covers the administration of Linux systems enterprise-wide with an emphasis on high availability systems and storage.

Current version: 3.0 (Exam code: 306-300)

Previous version: 2.0 (Exam code 304-200)

Available until June 20th, 2022

Objectives: 306-300

Prerequisites: The candidate must have an active LPIC-2 certification to receive the LPIC-3 certification.

Requirements: Passing the 306 exam. The 90-minute exam is 60 multiple-choice and fill in the blank questions.

Validity period: 5 years

Cost: Click here for exam pricing in your country.

Languages for exam available in VUE test centers​: English (Japanese coming soon)

Languages for exam available online via OnVUE: English

LPIC-3 Exam 306 Topic:

1. High Availability Cluster Management

2. High Availability Cluster Storage

3. High Availability Distributed Storage

4. Single Node High Availability

Source: lpi.org

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LPI Members to vote for the Board of Directors

Linux Professional Institute (LPI) is encouraging its Members to vote for its Board of Directors. The Nominating Committee and members have compiled a list of promising candidates to fill the three open positions. Voting opened on May 28, 2022 and remains open until the day of LPI’s Annual General Meeting (AGM) which takes place virtually this year on June 25. The results will be announced at the conclusion of the AGM.

Board elections are held annually, coinciding with the AGM. Well-known candidates from the IT industry, all of whom are or have been involved with open source in their lives, are candidates for election, coming from all parts of the world; from Asia, Europe, and Africa as well as from South and North America. 

LPI has now published the list of candidates for the Board of Directors on its website. An overview page around this year's election provides all information, data and background information. 

"We're all about involving the community, that's why our members decide the Board of Directors and thus the future course of the Linux Professional Institute," says Executive Director, G. Matthew Rice. 

LPI made the decision to transform into a member-based organization in 2015; it undertook various changes in governance, created a membership program, and held its very first member-voting AGM in 2021. The new form of openness is an important element for the non-profit organization to encourage open source communities globally. "Our mission is to promote the use of open source by supporting the people who work with it. The best way to do that is to involve people around the world and listen to them," said Kenneth Armstrong, Community Manager and Returning Officer for the election.

Source: lpi.org

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