Open Source Essentials is Essential

Over three years ago Evan Leibovitch and I started advocating for a certification that we nicknamed “BOSS: The Business of Open Source Software”.

The motivation for creating this certification was two-fold. We wanted to reach out to managers of Open Source technical people and give them a path to become members of LPI. We often found that these managers (while technically trained in other ways or not technically trained at all) made decisions that affected Open Source technical people.

From my own experience at Digital Equipment Corporation starting in 1994 there were many managers who did not understand the business model of Open Source, the many licenses, the interaction of those licenses between each other or closed source licenses, how using software from suppliers that were not under contract might affect release schedules, and any number of other things.

In addition, while some managers would send engineers to trade shows to answer customers’ questions (paying the engineers salary plus travel expenses and registration fees), fewer managers would send engineers to technical conferences and particularly ones on “free software”.

Unfortunately we also found managers who thought they understood the business of Open Source software, but were relying on information and business practices of long ago or had never really studied it.

Evan and I also identified other potential audiences for this knowledge. Intellectual Property (IP) lawyers, salespeople, HR people, marketing people, and even other people involved with closed source software. There was, and is, a lot of misinformation out there.

Evan and I felt very strongly about this certification and eventually we made the case to the Board of LPI and the staff.

The staff felt that we should develop a certificate first, to bring the concepts to as many people as possible, particularly since much of the information is slower changing than a technical certification. A certificate, with its lifetime viability, was a much better value proposition to the holder. Over time LPI might develop a more in-depth certification.

So LPI developed the “Open Source Essentials” program. As with all of our other “essentials”, we will publish the list of objectives and (over time) provide freely available training materials as well.

For all of the people who have tried to convince their managers about using Open Source and have encountered the manager who says “I know all I need to know about Open Source,” just show them the objectives.

Source: lpi.org

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Linux Professional Institute Launches the Open Source Essentials Education Program

Toronto, 04-04-2024 – Linux Professional Institute (LPI) announces the launch of Open Source Essentials, a certificate and education program targeting the common set of knowledge everyone with a role in open source should have.

“Open source is nowadays used in professional settings more than ever. This implies that professionals with very different backgrounds, from developers and technicians to project managers, lawyers, and account managers, do work related to open source. With Open Source Essentials we establish a common set of knowledge and a common vocabulary to enable professionals of all sorts to collaborate with each other and consider the most important aspects of Open Source,” says Fabian Thorns, Director of Product Development at LPI.

“The learning objectives are designed to cover all major domains that affect Open Source. They include software fundamentals, open source software licenses, open content licenses, open source business models, and project management as well as collaboration and communication. The combination of knowledge from these realms will, for example, allow a lawyer to understand what a ‘merge request’ is and a technician to understand what exactly constitutes a ‘derivative work’ in the sense of copyright,” explains Thorns.

The exam is part of LPI’s Essentials certificate track. The exam consists of 40 multiple choice questions that have to be answered within 60 minutes. The Open Source Essentials certificate is designed to complement other professional qualifications that benefit from or require knowledge of open source software, open content, and other kinds of open technologies.

“Open Source Essentials is a tool for both professionals and organizations who want to use, create, and contribute to free technologies in a well informed, responsible, and sustainable way. We welcome organizations to use this certificate to prove their ability to behave as good open source community members. We also encourage everyone to leverage our objectives and learning materials when educating their staff. We also recommend that, within the course of adopting open source technology into their organization, they institutionalize their open source efforts, for example, by setting up an Open Source Program Office,“ says G. Matthew Rice, Executive Director of LPI.

Along with the exam, LPI provides comprehensive learning materials to allow candidates to prepare for the exam. The materials are designed to support self-studies as well as training and teaching. The materials are free for personal use by anyone and available to LPI partners.

The initial set of lessons is available at learning.lpi.org/en/learning-materials/050-100/. Additional lessons as well as first translations will be added to the learning materials within the next few weeks. The Open Source Essentials exam is available on the Pearson Vue testing centers and the Person OnVue testing platform. More information is available on the LPI website at lpi.org/ose.

About Linux Professional Institute (LPI)

Linux Professional Institute (LPI) is the global certification standard and career support organization for open source professionals. With more than 200,000 certification holders, it’s the world’s first and largest vendor-neutral Linux and open source certification body. LPI has certified professionals in over 180 countries, delivers exams in multiple languages, and has hundreds of training partners.

Source: lpi.org

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Exploring the Value of Linux Essentials Certification

In today's ever-evolving digital landscape, Linux continues to assert its dominance as one of the most widely used operating systems, powering everything from smartphones to servers. With its open-source nature and robust capabilities, Linux has become a cornerstone of the tech industry. As such, the demand for professionals proficient in Linux administration and operations has soared.

Understanding Linux Essentials Certification

Linux Essentials certification serves as an entry point into the world of Linux for aspiring IT professionals. Developed by the Linux Professional Institute (LPI), this certification is designed to validate foundational knowledge and skills in Linux systems and operations.

Core Concepts Covered

The Linux Essentials certification covers a broad range of core concepts essential for understanding and working with Linux systems. These include:

• Basic Command Line Skills: Candidates learn essential Linux commands and utilities, enabling them to navigate and manipulate files and directories efficiently.
• System Administration: Fundamental principles of Linux system administration are explored, including user management, file permissions, and system configurations.
• Networking Fundamentals: The certification delves into networking concepts such as IP addressing, routing, and network protocols, providing a solid understanding of Linux networking capabilities.
• Security: Security fundamentals are emphasized, equipping candidates with the knowledge to secure Linux systems against various threats and vulnerabilities.

Target Audience

Linux Essentials certification is ideal for individuals looking to kickstart their careers in IT or expand their existing skill set. Whether you're a recent graduate, a career changer, or an IT professional seeking to diversify your expertise, Linux Essentials certification offers a valuable entry point into the world of Linux.

Is Linux Essentials Certification Worth It?

Career Advancement Opportunities

Obtaining Linux Essentials certification can significantly enhance your career prospects in the IT industry. As Linux continues to gain prominence across various sectors, the demand for skilled Linux professionals is at an all-time high. Holding Linux Essentials certification demonstrates to employers your commitment to mastering Linux fundamentals, making you a more attractive candidate for entry-level IT roles.

Industry Recognition

Linux Professional Institute (LPI) certifications are globally recognized and respected within the IT community. Achieving Linux Essentials certification not only validates your Linux proficiency but also enhances your credibility as a knowledgeable and competent IT professional. This industry recognition can open doors to exciting career opportunities and professional growth.

Skill Development

Beyond the credential itself, pursuing Linux Essentials certification offers an invaluable opportunity to develop practical Linux skills. The comprehensive curriculum covers essential concepts that form the foundation of Linux expertise, equipping you with the knowledge and confidence to tackle real-world Linux challenges effectively. Whether you're aiming to pursue a career in system administration, cybersecurity, or software development, the skills acquired through Linux Essentials certification are highly transferable and in-demand.

Conclusion

In a technology-driven world where Linux reigns supreme, Linux Essentials certification serves as a gateway to success for aspiring IT professionals. By obtaining this certification, you not only validate your Linux proficiency but also position yourself for lucrative career opportunities and professional advancement. Whether you're just starting your journey in IT or seeking to expand your skill set, Linux Essentials certification is a worthwhile investment in your future success.

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LPI Releases Learning Materials for Web Development Essentials in Vietnamese

Web development is an excellent skill to have for staff in any modern company or nonprofit. For individuals who want to learn computer programming, web development is also a good place to start. Now, to accompany the Web Development Essentials certificate, Linux Professional Institute has released free Learning Materials about web development in Vietnamese.

Readers of Vietnamese have already been able to study the Learning Materials for Linux Essentials, which are currently offered in 14 languages. The Learning Materials for Web Development Essentials, now that the Vietnamese translation is released, are offered in 11 languages.

Web Development Essentials start with basic HTML and CSS, the languages for laying out web pages. The Essentials then introduce JavaScript and advance to programming topics for both the front-end (code running in the browser) and back-end (code handling requests on the server). Security is extensively covered.

Anyone who masters the material in these Learning Materials is ready to create a basic functioning website, and has the technical foundation to learn more advanced techniques.

“We are pleased to release these LPI Learning Materials for Vietnamese. We hope that this will give students and teachers in Vietnam a good entry point into important areas of IT. Translations of further materials into Vietnamese are in preparation, as are the exams themselves,” says Kenji Ito, LPI Director of Communications in Japan.

Source: lpi.org

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LPI Essentials Exams - Discover New Areas

The Linux Professional Institute (LPI) is well-known as an exam provider in the field of Linux and open source tools, where it offers certifications for the entire spectrum from beginners to specialists and experts. But just as Linux has penetrated more and more areas in recent years, new options open up for an introductory certificate. These certificates can be displayed with your credentials once they are earned, and never have to be renewed.

Linux Essentials

The most known Essentials certificate is undoubtedly the one for Linux. In addition to the exam itself, LPI offers extensive materials free of charge to prepare for the exam. The materials are didactically well-structured. Each lesson concludes with practical exercises that deepen the understanding of the content. Passing the exam proves that the certified person is well-versed in a Linux system and can use the tools presented.

The Learning Materials have been translated into many languages, permitting Linux Essentials to be integrated into university and vocational school courses in computer science and software engineering worldwide. The materials form a good basis for further education and provide the tools for students to work independently with Linux systems.

The world of computer science is very broad, with only a part dealing with Linux at a higher level. There are many other areas whose fundamentals are essential for understanding modern IT systems. Knowledge of these fundamentals can determine the success or failure of projects or be an essential driver for personal careers.

Security Essentials

Nowadays, most applications are distributed as online services in a client-server architecture and are operated in a cloud infrastructure. Data is constantly being exchanged, whether via downloads or email attachments. Data protection has also gained in importance and has entered the concerns of users. IT security has thus become an important topic, and LPI Security Essentials summarizes the users’ view of the topic in a vendor-independent certification that covers not only theoretical but also practical aspects.

Web Development Essentials

Many applications are now based on web technologies, be it an online store, a social media platform, or online banking. To fully understand a web application, you need knowledge of the languages spoken by the browser, an understanding of the functions of a web server, and, last but not least, the databases used. The LPI Web Development Essentials certificate provides an overview, covering each of these parts and their practical use.

As this summary shows, along with Linux basics, you have many opportunities to prove your knowledge and competences by means of an Essentials certificate through LPI, be it in a professional or university environment.

Source: lpi.org

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A Sysadmin Takes the LPI Security Essentials Exam

Linux Professional Institute (LPI) officially launched its newest certificate, LPI Security Essentials. As an official training partner, I had the opportunity to participate in the beta phase of the exam, and thus get to know it better and contribute my impressions.

I was never a cybersecurity specialist. In my career of more than 20 years, I have worked mainly in the support and administration of Linux servers and open source solutions. I also teach these subjects. 

Therefore, I was familiar with some subjects in the exam program through professional work. I knew other topics more superficially through readings, conversations, videos, and lectures that I came across day to day.

The topics in the exam seek to ensure that the professional or student has a good understanding of the main concepts of security in its most diverse aspects. Extremely technical knowledge, such as tool configuration or the use of commands, is not required.

In the first topic, “Security Concepts,” as the name implies, the candidate will find questions related to the most common IT security concepts, the main terms used, the types of attacks and vulnerabilities, how incidents are named and reported, and what types of action to take when faults are detected.

In the “Encryption” topic, the main concepts of cryptography are discussed, including public, private, symmetric, and asymmetric keys You’ll encounter these concepts often when you work with remote connections, such as when using SSH. This topic also encompasses a good understanding of security in web connections with the use of certificates over HTTPS, and the secure use of email, mainly using S/MIME and OpenPGP. In addition, the topic addresses data encryption on personal devices and in the cloud.

The third topic, “Device and Storage Security,” addresses security in hardware devices, the Internet of Things (IoT), and their interconnections such as USB and Bluetooth. Security in software applications is also covered, describing the main types of vulnerabilities and malware.

The topic “Network and Service Security” turns out to be very familiar to anyone who already works with technology on a daily basis. The topic addresses the main concepts in network operation, such as the main protocols, interface types, and components, along with cloud concepts. The safe use of a wireless network, including the main risks and ways of mitigating vulnerabilities, is also discussed.

Finally, “Identity and Privacy” covers concepts such as authentication, authorization, confidentiality, and privacy. Sample concepts include the secure use of passwords, social engineering, and the main types of attacks on identity and privacy. This topic also included subjects that are currently very critical in our current digital environment, especially stalking and cybermobbing.

As I said, I didn't previously know all the content covered, and I had to prepare myself somewhat for the exam.

Usually, LPI itself makes great study material available at its Learning Materials site, but at the time of the beta phase, such material was not yet available.

In this case, my study strategy was basically to search the Web for each area of ​​knowledge and the main terms mentioned in each subtopic. For example, I’d ask “What is Advanced Persistent Threats (APT)” or “What is the difference between black hat hacking and white hat hacking.”

It is not necessary to dive deeply into topics; just a general understanding of each subject is enough. At the end you might ask yourself: “Do I know the main features of Bitlocker?” or “Do I understand the main concepts about HTTPS?” If you're comfortable with your answers, move on to learn another topic.

After taking the exam and then finalizing the whole process, I now understand clearly how relevant the subjects covered in Security Essentials are. The program covers the knowledge of security that every professional who works or intends to work computer ​​technology should have. Going further, these are very relevant subjects for anyone who handles data and sensitive information in their daily life, whether personally or professionally.

In short, Security Essentials perfectly delivers what it promises: to validate and even stimulate knowledge about information security at many levels.

Source: lpi.org

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LPI Security Essentials: New Certificate on IT Security Basics

Linux Professional Institute (LPI) announces the availability of the new Linux Professional Institute Security Essentials certificate. The certificate covers preliminary knowledge in all important fields of IT security. This certificate is intended for students who had their first course in IT security, for all members and staff of organizations that want to improve their IT security, and for anyone who wants to attain a basic competence in the secure use of email, web sites, social media, and the devices they use everyday.

The exam objectives are available on the LPI website. They include the topics of basic security concepts, encryption, device and storage security, network and service security, identity protection, and privacy. The exam can be taken in Pearson VUE test centers, remotely on the OnVUE platform, and at all events where LPI hosts exam labs.

“The exam objectives cover a comprehensive range of topics, including typical IT security fields like encryption and data security, but also rather uncommon topics like aspects of privacy and the secure use of social media. We test the fundamental knowledge everyone should have, either as the first stage of building IT security knowledge for a professional career, or as a personal toolbox for the secure and responsible use of digital infrastructure”, says Fabian Thorns, Director of Product Development at LPI.

“Security Essentials is the third exam on our Essentials certificate track, joining Linux Essentials and Web Development Essentials. We are progressing towards a comprehensive certificate track that covers all of the major disciplines of basic information technology education.” adds G. Matthew Rice, Executive Director of LPI. He adds that “In addition to educational institutions, we would like to encourage organizations and enterprises of any kind to consider Security Essentials as a baseline of security education for all their members and employees.”

Within the year, LPI will release additional translations of the exam, including Japanese, Portuguese, German, French and Spanish, as well as Learning Materials. A continuously updated list of learning materials is available at learning.lpi.org.

Source: lpi.org

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FH Burgenland hosted large Linux Essentials exam lab

With its degree programs in information technology, the Austrian University of Applied Sciences Burgenland (UAS FH Burgenland) brings together IT and management. Linux knowledge is not to be neglected in the process. This past December, as an Academic Partner of the Linux Professional Institute, the UAS hosted one of the largest Linux Essentials exam events to date.

A total of 70 students from the bachelor's degree program took up the challenge and participated in the examination. It was organized by Dipl.-Ing. Franz Knipp, head of the Software Engineering and Networked Systems course. He emphasizes the importance of the certificate: "Linux is an important tool in many areas of IT. That's why it's important to know the basics, on which you can build firmly later." 

He says the exam helped students improve their understanding of the Linux operating system and its features. The Linux Essentials exam consists of multiple-choice questions that cover topics such as installation and configuration of Linux systems, important commands, and security and file permissions. The exam also calls for a basic understanding of open source software and licenses.

Franz Knipp had prepared his students with the training materials provided by LPI, supplemented during the practical exercises by specially developed work materials. He would like to continue developing these and, if possible, make them available to a wider audience as an ebook.

Read More: 010-160: LPI Linux Essentials (Linux Essentials 010)

Source: lpi.org

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What Are The Benefits of Earning the Linux Essentials Certification?

Is Linux Essentials worth it?

The Linux Essentials certification is a gateway to a wide range of career opportunities in IT. This certificate can help you advance your current job or aim for a career in IT. The advantages of obtaining this diploma include:

◉ Validation of your skills and knowledge in Linux – The Linux Essential Credential is a vendor-neutral credential that validates your Linux knowledge and abilities. The following are some of the components covered in the Linux Essentials exam:

◉ Software Management

◉ Networking Services and Architecture

◉ Operating System Basics

◉ File, User, Group Administration

◉ Security Management

◉ Improved job prospects – The Linux Essentials credential makes you eligible for a variety of IT job positions. Linux is a popular operating system, and most businesses search for people who have used it before. The Linux Essentials certification can help you boost your job prospects and put you ahead of other candidates in the competition.

◉ Increased earning potential – Linux developers are in great demand, and businesses are ready to pay a premium for people with Linux knowledge. Earning the Linux Essentials certification may help you make more money and get a higher salary in the IT sector.

◉ Opportunity to learn from industry experts – The CompTIA Association offers the Linux Essentials certification. This implies that you have access to various resources, such as training materials and professional assistance.

◉ Access to exclusive resources and discounts – As a Linux Essentials certified professional, you can access special resources and savings. These tools may assist you in continuing your study of Linux and keeping up with the latest trends and innovations.

Read More: 010-160: LPI Linux Essentials (Linux Essentials 010)

You may use the Linux Essentials certificate to your benefit in various ways. This credential can assist you in advancing your current job or searching for a new one. The skills and knowledge obtained as part of this certification are highly sought after by companies worldwide, so it’s essential that you take full advantage of them if you want to get ahead.

Source: mycomputercareer.edu

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Is Linux Essentials Worth It?

Open-source software is becoming more prevalent globally, with individual users, government organizations, and industries from transportation to space exploration embracing free, open-source technologies. The use of open-source in the business world is revolutionizing traditional Information and Communication Technology (ICT) job roles by increasing the demand for Linux knowledge.

Read More: 010-160: LPI Linux Essentials (Linux Essentials 010)

In fact, 100% of the world’s top 500 supercomputers ran on Linux in 2021, and so did 96.3% of the world’s top 1 million servers. Moreover, 23 out of the top 25 websites are also using Linux, as well as 90% of the entire cloud infrastructure. The same goes for many national and international banks, companies, governments, and military departments. Every major space program also uses Linux, while 90% of Hollywood’s special effects are made on it. It’s also important to point out that 36.7% of all websites use Linux, while 54.1% of professional developers used Linux as a platform in 2019.

The Linux Essentials certification is a great way to validate your knowledge of Linux and prove that you have the skills necessary for an entry-level IT career. The certification covers a variety of topics, including system administration, networking, and security. Earning this certificate can help you in many different job roles, such as system administrator, network administrator, and security analyst. The Linux Essentials certification is well worth the investment!

What Is The Linux Essentials Certification?

Linux is not only for IT specialists. There are several other professionals who can profit from what the Operating System has to offer in every area, including system administrators looking to get started with Linux and non-administrators. Linux users who want to know what the platform has to offer, instructors wishing to teach on non-commercial operating systems, developers wanting to develop new and unique applications, and those looking for employment in the DevOps market are among them.

The Linux Essentials certification is a globally-recognized, entry-level Linux certification covering system administration, networking, and security. Earning this certificate proves that you have the essential skills necessary for an IT career in Linux. The Linux Professional Institute (LPI) has introduced the Linux Essentials certification, aimed at those in schools and colleges and professors and novices who want to get started with Linux. The exam version will be 1.6, and it will be administered under code number 010-160.

The Linux Essentials credential is an excellent foundation for learning more about the Linux Professional track, which includes a more in-depth study of core concepts.

What Skills Does the Linux Essentials Certificate Validate?

The Linux Essentials certificate, like any other IT certification, validates the skills that are required for a specific job role. If you want to get started with Linux and learn about the Operating System’s basic features, this is for you.

◉ It will help you understand how to use GNU/Linux in business as an IT professional or user.

◉ It also covers core topics such as working on the command-line (CLI).

◉ Creating and editing text files with Vim.

◉ Configuring local hardware via graphical tools and CLI commands.

◉ Running simple shell scripts using Bash under Unix/Linux systems operating environments.

◉ Knowledge of open-source software in the workplace, as well as their proprietary counterparts.

◉ A basic understanding of computer hardware, operations, programs, and the Linux operating system’s components.

◉ How to use the command line and with files.

◉ How to create and restore compressed archives and backups.

◉ System security in the form of users and file permissions for both public and private directories.

◉ Creating and running simple scripts.

Additionally, it explores the basics of networking, including working with Ethernet and wireless connections.

The Linux Essentials certificate validates the essential skills required for an IT career in Linux. These skills can be applied in a business setting and a home environment. The certification is globally-recognized and helps you enter into the world of IT with a foundational knowledge of GNU/Linux that you can build on.

Earning this credential also gives you access to exclusive resources, such as member discounts, LPI’s online community, and more.

The Benefits of Earning the Linux Essentials Certification

The Linux Essentials certification is a great way to validate your skills and knowledge in the Linux operating system. This certification can help you pursue a career in IT or enhance your current job role. The benefits of earning this certificate include:

• Validation of your skills and knowledge in Linux – The Linux Essential Credential is a vendor-neutral certification that validates your knowledge and skills in Linux. The Linux Essentials exam comprises of multiple-choice questions testing on different basic areas, including:
• Software Management
• Networking Services and Architecture
• Operating System Basics
• File, User, Group Administration
• Security Management
• Improved job prospects – This credential opens the doors to many different job roles in the IT industry. Linux is a popular operating system, and most companies are looking for employees with experience or knowledge in this system. Earning the Linux Essentials certification can help improve your job prospects and give you an edge over other candidates.
• Increased earning potential – Linux professionals are in high demand, and companies are willing to pay a premium for employees with Linux skills. Earning the Linux Essentials certification can help you increase your earning potential and get a better salary in the IT industry.
• Opportunity to learn from industry experts – The Linux Essentials certification is offered through the CompTIA Association. This means that you have access to various resources, including training materials and expert advice.
• Access to exclusive resources and discounts – As a Linux Essentials certified professional, you can access exclusive resources and discounts from CompTIA. These resources can help you continue learning about Linux and stay current on the latest trends and technologies.

Source: mycomputercareer.edu

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LPI Announces Security Essentials Beta Exams

Linux Professional Institute (LPI) is entering the last phase of development of the new Security Essentials program. This phase includes public beta exams to which we invite selected candidates.

Security Essentials covers basic knowledge of IT security. The focus is the digital self-defense of an individual user. This includes a general understanding of the main threats directed against individual computing systems, networks, services, and identity, as well as approaches to prevent and mitigate them. The complete exam objectives are available on the LPI wiki.

The beta exams will be delivered in December 2022. Interested candidates can find more information about the beta exams as well as the sign-up form at the LPI website.

“Beta exam takers are the first candidates to ever take a look at the new Security Essentials exam. Their feedback is considered in the finalization of the exam and their results help to ensure that our exams are psychometrically valid,” says Fabian Thorns, Director of Product Development at LPI. “We expect our beta candidates to have prior knowledge in the field of IT security. Our exam objectives provide clear guidance on the topics covered in the exam. Candidates applying for a beta exam should consider themselves proficient enough in these topics to pass the exam.” Thorns continues, “Upon passing the exam, beta exam takers will also be the first candidates who are awarded the Security Essentials certificate.

The final version of the exam, as well as Learning Materials covering all of its topics, will be released a few weeks after the beta exam period ends.

Source: lpi.org

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New Linux Essentials Exam 010-160 Brain Dumps

According to the introduction, whether you’re starting your career in open source, or looking for advancement, independently verifying your skill set can help you stand out to hiring managers or your management team. That’s why so many candidates choosing to pass 010-160 exam to complete the Linux Professional Institute Linux Essentials Certification. We have updated 010-160 dumps to help you pass Linux Essentials Certificate Exam, version 1.6. You will be highly recommended to read 010-160 dumps carefully before taking actual 010-160 exam.

1. What are the differences between hard disk drives and solid state disks? (Choose two.)

• Hard disks have a motor and moving parts, solid state disks do not.
• Hard disks can fail due to physical damage, while solid state disks cannot fail.
• Solid state disks can store many times as much data as hard disk drives.
• /dev/sdais a hard disk device while /dev/ssda is a solid state disk.
• Solid state disks provide faster access to stored data than hard disks.

2. Reverse DNS assigns hostnames to IP addresses.

How is the name of the IP address 198.51.100.165 stored on a DNS server?

• In the A record for 165.100.51.198.ipv4.arpa.
• In the PTR record for 165.100.51.198.in-addr.arpa.
• In the RNAME record for 198-51-100-165.rev.arpa.
• In the ARPA record for 165.100.51.198.rev.
• In the REV record for arpa.in-addr.198.51.100.165.

3. Which of the following types of bus can connect hard disk drives with the motherboard?

• The RAM bus
• The NUMA bus
• The CPU bus
• The SATA bus
• The Auto bus

4. Members of a team already have experience using Red Hat Enterprise Linux. For a small hobby project, the team wants to set up a Linux server without paying for a subscription.

Which of the following Linux distributions allows the team members to apply as much of their Red Hat Enterprise Linux knowledge as possible?

• Ubuntu Linux LTS
• Raspbian
• Debian GNU/Linux
• CentOS
• openSUSE

5. What information can be displayed by top?

• Existing files, ordered by their size.
• Running processes, ordered by CPU or RAM consumption.
• User accounts, ordered by the number of logins.
• User groups, ordered by the number of members.
• User accounts, ordered by the number of files.

6. Which of the following commands can be used to resolve a DNS name to an IP address?

• dnsname
• dns
• query
• host
• iplookup

7. Which of the following outputs comes from the command free?

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

• Option A
• Option B
• Option C
• Option D
• Option E

8. What is true about the dmesg command? (Choose two.)

• It traces the execution of a command and shows each step the program carries out.
• It sends messages to the command lines of all current user sessions.
• It displays the content of the Linux kernel’s ring buffer.
• It immediately outputs all new messages written to the system journal.
• It might not display older information because it was overwritten by newer information.

9. Which of the following outputs could stem from the command last?

• 1 ls 2 cat text.txt 3 logout
• Password for user last changed at Sat Mar 31 16:38:57 EST 2018
• Last login: Fri Mar 23 10:56:39 2018 from server.example.com
• EXT4-fs (dm-7): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
• root tty2 Wed May 17 21:11 - 21:11 (00:00)

10. What is the UID of the user root?

• 1
• -1
• 255
• 65536
• 0

11. Which permissions are set on a regular file once the permissions have been modified with the command chmod 654 file.txt?

• drw-r-xr-­
• d―wxr-x-­
• Cwxr-x--x
• Crwxrw---x
• -rw-r-xr-­

12. What is true about the owner of a file?

• Each file is owned by exactly one user and one group.
• The owner of a file always has full permissions when accessing the file.
• The user owning a file must be a member of the file’s group.
• When a user is deleted, all files owned by the user disappear.
• The owner of a file cannot be changed once it is assigned to an owner.

13. Which of the following permissions are set on the /tmp/ directory?

• rwxrwxrwt
• ------rwX
• rwSrw-rw-
• rwxrwS--­
• r-xr-X--t

14. Which command adds the new user tux and creates the user’s home directory with default configuration files?

• defaultuser tux
• useradd Cm tux
• usercreate tux
• useradd Co default tux
• passwd Ca tux

15. What information is stored in /etc/passwd? (Choose three.)

• The user’s storage space limit
• The numerical user ID
• The username
• The encrypted password
• The users default shell

16. Which of the following tar options handle compression? (Choose two.)

• -bz
• -z
• -g
• -j
• -z2

17. Which of the following commands creates an archive file work.tar from the contents of the directory ./work/?

• tar --new work.tar ./work/
• tar Ccf work.tar ./work/
• tar Ccreate work.tgz Ccontent ./work/
• tar work.tar < ./work/
• tar work > work.tar

18. Which of the following keys can be pressed to exit less?

• l
• x
• e
• q
• !

19. The current directory contains the following file:

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 859688 Feb 7 08:15 test.sh

Given that the file is a valid shell script, how can this script be executed? (Choose two.)

• run test.sh
• ${test.sh}
• cmd ./test.sh
• ./test.sh
• bash test.sh

20. Which of the following commands sorts the output of the command export-logs?

• export-logs < sort
• export-logs > sort
• export-logs & sort
• export-logs | sort
• export-logs <> sort

21. A directory contains the following files:

What would be the output of the following shell script?

for file in *.txt

• *.txt
• a b
• c.cav
• a.txt
• a. txt b. txt

22. Which of the following commands will search for the file foo.txt under the directory /home?

• search /home Cfile foo.txt
• search /home foo. txt
• find /home C file foo.txt
• find /home Cname foo.txt
• find /home foo.txt

23. The current directory contains the following file:

-rw-r―r― 1 root exec 24551 Apr 2 12:36 test.sh

The file contains a valid shell script, but executing this file using ./test.shleads to this error:

bash: ./test.sh: Permission denied

What should be done in order to successfully execute the script?

• The file’s extension should be changed from .sh to .bin.
• The execute bit should be set in the file’s permissions.
• The user executing the script should be added to the exec group.
• The SetUID bit should be set in the file’s permissions
• The script should be run using #!./test. shinstead of ./test.sh.

24. What is a Linux distribution?

• The Linux file system as seen from the root account after mounting all file systems.
• A bundling of the Linux kernel, system utilities and other software.
• The set of rules which governs the distribution of Linux kernel source code.
• An operating system based on Linux but incompatible to the regular Linux kernel.
• A set of changes to Linux which enable Linux to run on another processor architecture.

Source: dumpsbase.com

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LPI Essentials Certifications

Linux Professional Institute (LPI) is committed to the development of a global standard in Linux certification. We believe that such a certification program must meet the requirements of both IT professionals and the organizations that would employ them. To achieve this goal we have adopted an open, rigorous, and consultative development process, which uses both volunteer and hired resources. Our development process is widely recognized and endorsed and has met the strict requirements of independent certification authorities.

Essentials

The Essentials certificates were created for candidates who are starting a career in open source or who wish to demonstrate their abilities.

1. Linux Professional Institute Linux Essentials Exam

Linux Professional Institute Linux Essentials exam tests the candidate’s ability to use a basic command-line editor and demonstrate an understanding of processes, programs and components of the Linux operating system.

Prerequisites: There are no prerequisites for this certification.

Requirements: Passing the Linux Essentials 010 exam. The Linux Essentials exam contains 40 questions and must be completed within 60-minutes.

Validity period: Lifetime

2. Linux Professional Institute Web Development Essentials Exam

Modern software applications are commonly developed for the Web. The Linux Professional Institute (LPI) Web Development Essentials program supports your first steps in software development.

Prerequisites: There are no prerequisites for this certification.

Requirements: Passing the Web Development Essentials 030 exam. The Web Development Essentials exam contains 40 questions and must be completed within 60-minutes.

Validity period: Lifetime

Source: lpi.org

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Simone “Simo” Bertull: LPI’s Certifications - What Is Your Path?

In this post I will do something different from the previous ones: I will be matching the LPI’s certifications panel with specific job descriptions and career paths.

LPI offers technical certifications for every level of training and on different subjects. Each certification aims at a specific objective and groups together topics that best prepare people with the skills they need to apply the technology at work.

The LPI certification program is a smooth, well-run framework. OK: I am slightly biased, here… 

But I do believe that, to exploit each of these certifications entirely, it is helpful to think about them, to approach them, in terms of professional paths, paths that are not necessarily linked to aiming for the highest step of specialization, but to consolidate your knowledge in a specific area of interest or application.

Your career’s colors

In other words: the certifications, as a whole, are a palette: it’s you who is going to choose the best colors for your painting, your career.

Hence, I would not say that there is only "the one" path that is necessarily the best, but that there are many, the best fit being the one with the specific skills required by the work market for one particular role.

Another good reason this approach can be helpful is that there is never just "the one" technology in the open-source world to which we have to refer, to deal with, to work on.

With a set of technologies and tasks in mind, having a path as defined or structured as possible allows you to create very well consolidated and, therefore, more “vertical” skill sets, focusing on the quality of training on them.

Begin from the beginning

Generally speaking, the starting point is the Linux Essentials https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/linux-essentials-overview certification and the first step of the professional path, the LPIC-1 certification https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/lpic-1-overview, to get the basics of system and network administration.

I also strongly recommend the BSD Specialist https://www.lpi.org/it/our-certifications/bsd-overview certification, as it is very similar to the LPIC-1 one in terms of competence and knowledge covered, but with a few important differences.

Differences because, after all, we are talking about diverse ecosystems from a technical point of view. In my opinion the LPIC-1 and the BSD Specialist certifications aren’t interchangeable (given the “verticality” of the different operating systems ). This is why they must be evaluated in a global view of their complementarity, within the broad Open Source universe.

I wanted to consider Linux Essentials as the starting point just to remind everybody how important small steps are at the beginning of a long journey ;-).

Below, we see the roadmap of certifications as proposed by LPI itself:

LPI roadmap - the future's hiring.

Following what we can see above, I will share with you my personal opinion about how an IT professional can “play”, with the roadmap, as from my own experiences at work and analyzing how certifications play their role in multiple environments.

Path #1: Linux Essentials + LPIC-1 + BSD Specialist

Position: Junior Sysadmin.

The Junior Sysadmin title can be associated with several job titles, such as "Unix Administrator", "Server Administrator", or "IT Administrator". Sometimes, with technical support or help desk too.

This first path aims to give solid knowledge to start working in the Linux / Open Source world, thus allowing certified people to be able to cover the following roles in various operating environments:

◉ Technical Support / Help Desk

◉ Unix Administrator

◉ Server Administrator

◉ IT Administrator

Path #1: Linux Essentials + LPIC-1 + BSD Specialist

Path #2: Linux Essentials + BSD Specialist + LPIC-1 + LPIC-2

Position: Advanced level help desk - Senior Sysadmin.

“Senior” level system administrator with more in-depth skills, such as being able also to be a network engineer of a Network Operation Center (NOC). This level also corresponds to an advanced level help desk qualification.

Compared to the #1path, the LPIC-2 step is added, to consolidate system knowledge previously acquired with other skills such as the management of e-mail servers, DNS, file sharing, insights on some security elements and much more; in the networking field, management of switches, routers and other network devices that use hardened versions of Linux or BSD as operating systems.

Path #2: Linux Essentials + BSD Specialist + LPIC-1 + LPIC-2

Path #3: Linux Essentials + BSD Specialist + LPIC-1 + LPIC-2 + LPIC-3 Mixed

Position: Sysadmin specialist.

A professional who has the skills to be able to work both as a systems engineer and as an advanced level network engineer; in short, this is the training path for the "definitive system engineer" :-)

The LPIC-3 Mixed Environment https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/lpic-3-300-overview, in this case, consolidates the high-end Linux systems skills taking into consideration the integration between a number of operating systems with all the relative features, such as LDAP configuration issues, SAMBA, Active management Directory, management of Windows clients and related file systems in mixed, complex and structured environments.

Path #3: Linux Essentials + BSD Specialist + LPIC-1 + LPIC-2 + LPIC-3 Mixed

Path #4: Linux Essentials + BSD Specialist + LPIC-1 + LPIC-2 + LPIC-3 Security

Position: Security specialist.

This is a very crucial role, in high demand because it is difficult to get security right, and security resources are generally limited.

The path inherent in IT security notoriously has to cover large macro-areas: I strongly recommend here both the specialist certifications, including LPIC-3 Mixed Environment https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/lpic-3-300-overview as it deals with the interaction with other operating systems.

LPIC-3 Security https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/lpic-3-303-overview, of course, will cover all the aspects of the complex IT security world, leaving the certified professional with a good understanding of the right modus operandi.

Path #4: Linux Essentials + BSD Specialist + LPIC-1 + LPIC-2 + LPIC-3 Security

Path #5: Linux Essentials + BSD Specialist + LPIC-1 + LPIC-2 + LPIC-3 Virtualization + DevOps

Position: Cloud specialist.

This position is required as an internal resource in many companies, and to manage third-party cloud providers as well. In such working environments, skills in DevOps and CI / CD are in play too.

The demand for experienced and suitably trained personnel on cloud technologies is always very high, given the great benefits that this method of providing services brings with itself.

In this case, the LPIC-3 Virtualization and Containerization certification https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/lpic-3-305-overview is a "must-have" to begin to understand this world which is as complex as it is fascinating; the DevOps Tools Engineer https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/devops-overview certification covers very useful and interesting topics such as the various Cloud techniques, Machine Deployment & Orchestration, the phases of Service Operations, Container Deployment and much more.

Path #5: Linux Essentials + BSD Specialist + LPIC-1 + LPIC-2 + LPIC-3 Virtualization + DevOps

Path #5 plus: how to go even further

In this case, however, we can open up two even more specialized routes, since as we now know, the 304 virtualization and high-reliability exam has been split into two exams:

◉ LPIC-3 Virtualization and Containerization 3.0 (exam 305) https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/lpic-3-305-overview 

◉ LPIC-3 High Availability Systems and Storage 3.0 (exam 306) https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/lpic-3-306-overview 

Exam 305 covers the whole area of virtual machines, containers, and the relative orchestration tools, with all the existing technologies being addressed.

Exam 306, on the other hand, deals with the topics of high reliability, management of clusters, and resources distributed over several computing nodes, passing through topics such as storage and file systems in distributed environments.

It totally makes sense to have two separate exams, as just one exam cannot cover in a detailed and exhaustive manner all the technical matters related to virtualization and high reliability.

To become a specialist of the field you have to segment and investigate clusters of closely related topics. I have taken the 304 exam in 2019, I can say in no uncertain terms how much the certified skills and knowledge match the actual work in the field.

An example? The virtualization and high reliability topics are intended for an audience of systems engineers, but it is related to containers too, and everything about this cluster of topics is of interest for the DevOps universe, building a sort of virtual bridge between certifications.

This ultimate path, as, of course, the previous ones for different positions and careers, stresses exactly what I try to achieve for my professional development: grasping the possibility of “verticalization” of skills and competence, enriching your curriculum with an extra qualification. Something that people looking for continuous improvement definitely love :)

Read More: Simone “Simo” Bertulli: Lpic-3 Security - How to Approach the Certification

Source: lpi.org

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