Top 10 LPI Level 1 102-500 Dumps Questions

Recently we updated 102-500 dumps questions for your LPIC-1: Linux Administrator certification. We know that getting LPIC-1: Linux Administrator certification requires you to answer both 101-500 and 102-500 exams. Today, we updated 102-500 dumps questions also to ensure that you can complete the LPIC-1 certification.

1. Which command makes the shell variable named VARIABLE visible to subshells?

• export $VARIABLE
• export VARIABLE
• set $VARIABLE
• set VARIABLE
• env VARIABLE

2. Which of the following files, when existing, affect the behavior of the Bash shell? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

• ~/.bashconf
• ~/.bashrc
• ~/.bashdefaults
• ~/.bash_etc
• ~/.bash_profile

3. Which command allows you to make a shell variable visible to subshells?

• export $VARIABLE
• export VARIABLE
• set $VARIABLE
• set VARIABLE
• env VARIABLE

4. What is the purpose of the file /etc/profile?

• It contains the welcome message that is displayed after login.
• It contains security profiles defining which users are allowed to log in.
• It contains environment variables that are set when a user logs in.
• It contains default application profiles for users that run an application for the first time.

5. Which of the following are requirements in order to run a shell script like a regular command from anywhere in the filesystem? (Choose THREE correct answers.)

• The user issuing the command must be in the group script.
• The script file must be found in the $PAT
• The script file must have the executable permission bit set.
• The script must begin with a shebang-line (#!) that points to the correct interpreter.
• The file system on which the script resides must be mounted with the option scripts.

6. Which of the following words is used to restrict the records that are returned from a SELECT query based on a supplied criteria for the values in the records?

• LIMIT
• FROM
• WHERE
• IF

7. Which of the following configuration files should be modified to set default shell variables for all users?

• /etc/bashrc
• /etc/profile
• ~/.bash_profile
• /etc/.bashrc

8. Which of the following commands lists all defined variables and functions within Bash?

• env
• set
• env -a
• echo $ENV

9. When the command echo $$ outputs 12942, what is the meaning of 12942?

• It is the process ID of the echo command.
• It is the process ID of the current shell.
• It is the process ID of the last command executed.
• It is the process ID of the last command which has been placed in the background.

10. How can the existing environment variable FOOBAR be suppressed for the execution of the script./myscript only?

• unset -v FOOBAR;./myscript
• set -a FOOBAR="";./myscript
• env -u FOOBA
• /myscript
• env -i FOOBA
• /myscript

Source: dumpsbase.com

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LPI Level 1 102-500 Dumps Questions

Recently we updated 102-500 dumps questions for your LPIC-1: Linux Administrator certification. We know that getting LPIC-1: Linux Administrator certification requires you answer both 101-500 and 102-500 exams. Today, we updated 102-500 dumps questions also to ensure that you can complete the LPIC-1 certification.

1. Which command makes the shell variable named VARIABLE visible to subshells?

• export $VARIABLE
• export VARIABLE
• set $VARIABLE
• set VARIABLEwrong
• env VARIABLE

2. Which of the following files, when existing, affect the behavior of the Bash shell? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

• ~/.bashconf
• ~/.bashrc
• ~/.bashdefaultswrong
• ~/.bash_etc
• ~/.bash_profile

3. Which command allows you to make a shell variable visible to subshells?

• export $VARIABLE
• export VARIABLE
• set $VARIABLE
• set VARIABLEwrong
• env VARIABLE

4. What is the purpose of the file /etc/profile?

• It contains the welcome message that is displayed after login.
• It contains security profiles defining which users are allowed to log in.
• It contains environment variables that are set when a user logs in.
• It contains default application profiles for users that run an application for the first time.

5. Which of the following are requirements in order to run a shell script like a regular command from anywhere in the filesystem? (Choose THREE correct answers.)

• The user issuing the command must be in the group script.
• The script file must be found in the $PAT
• The script file must have the executable permission bit set.
• The script must begin with a shebang-line (#!) that points to the correct interpreter.wrong
• The file system on which the script resides must be mounted with the option scripts.

6. Which of the following words is used to restrict the records that are returned from a SELECT query based on a supplied criteria for the values in the records?

• LIMIT
• FROM
• WHERE
• IF

7. Which of the following configuration files should be modified to set default shell variables for all users?

• /etc/bashrc
• /etc/profile
• ~/.bash_profile
• /etc/.bashrc

8. Which of the following commands lists all defined variables and functions within Bash?

• env
• set
• env -a
• echo $ENV

9. When the command echo $$ outputs 12942, what is the meaning of 12942?

• It is the process ID of the echo command.
• It is the process ID of the current shell.
• It is the process ID of the last command executed.
• It is the process ID of the last command which has been placed in the background.

10. How can the existing environment variable FOOBAR be suppressed for the execution of the script./myscript only?

• unset -v FOOBAR;./myscript
• set -a FOOBAR="";./myscript
• env -u FOOBA
• /myscript
• env -i FOOBA
• /myscript

11. Which of the following words is used to restrict the records that are returned from a SELECT SQL query based on a supplied criteria for the values in the records?

• CASE
• FROM
• WHERE
• IF

12. Which of the following commands puts the output of the command date into the shell variable mydate?

• mydate="$(date)"
• mydate="exec date"
• mydate="$((date))"
• mydate="date"
• mydate="${date}"

13. You are looking into a new script you received from your senior administrator. In the very first line you notice a #! followed by a file path.

This indicates that:

• The file at that location was used to make the script.
• This script provides identical functionality as the file at that location.
• This script will self-extract into a file at that location.
• The program at that location will be used to process the script.

14. What keyword is missing from this code sample of a shell script?

____ i in *.txt; do

echo $i

done

• for
• loop
• until
• while

15. Which of the following SQL statements will select the fields name and address from the contacts table?

• SELECT (name, address) FROM contacts;
• SELECT (name address) FROM contacts;
• SELECT name, address FROM contacts;
• SELECT name address FROM contacts;

16. What output will the following command sequence produce?

echo '1 2 3 4 5 6' | while read a b c; do

echo result: $c $b $a;

done

• result: 3 4 5 6 2 1
• result: 1 2 3 4 5 6
• result: 6 5 4
• result: 6 5 4 3 2 1
• result: 3 2 1

17. Which of the following SQL queries counts the number of occurrences for each value of the field order_type in the table orders?

• SELECT order_type,COUNT(*) FROM orders WHERE order_type=order_type;
• SELECT order_type,COUNT(*) FROM orders GROUP BY order_type;
• COUNT(SELECT order_type FROM orders);
• SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders ORDER BY order_type;
• SELECT AUTO_COUNT FROM orders COUNT order_type;

18. What benefit does an alias in bash provide?

• It provides faster lookups for commands in the system directory.
• It creates a local copy of a file from another directory.
• It hides what command you are running from others.
• It allows a string to be substituted for the first word of a simple command.

19. When the command echo $ outputs 1, which of the following statements is true?

• It is the process ID of the echo command.
• It is the process ID of the current shell.
• It is the exit value of the command executed immediately before echo.
• It is the exit value of the echo command.

20. What output will the following command produce?

seq 1 5 20

• 1 6 11 16
• 1 5 10 15
• 1 2 3 4
• 2 3 4 5
• 5 10 15 20

21. What output will the command seq 10 produce?

• A continuous stream of numbers increasing in increments of 10 until stopped.
• The numbers 1 through 10 with one number per line.
• The numbers 0 through 9 with one number per line.
• The number 10 to standard output.

22. What is the difference between the commands test -e path and test -f path?

• They are equivalent options with the same behaviour.
• The -f option tests for a regular file. The -e option tests for an empty file.
• Both options check the existence of the path. The -f option also confirms that it is a regular file.
• The -f option tests for a regular file. The -e option tests for an executable file.

23. After issuing:

function myfunction { echo $1 $2 ; }

in Bash, which output does:

myfunction A B C

Produce?

• A B
• A B C
• A C
• B C
• C B A

24. Which of the following is the best way to list all defined shell variables?

• env
• set
• env -a
• echo $ENV

25. How is a display manager started?

• It is started by a user using the command startx.
• It is started like any other system service by the init system.
• It is started by inetd when a remote hosts connects to the X11 port.
• It is started automatically when a X11 user logs in to the system console.

Source: dumpsbase.com

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LPIC-1 (102-500): Certified Linux Administrator Interview Questions

The LPIC-1 (102-500): Certified Linux Administrator course is designed to match the real world of system administration: with its job task analysis surveys, the Linux Professional Institute determine what real sysadmins do on the job, and what skills they need. Therefore, to pass the interview round, you must showcase your ability to run Linux from a shell prompt, set up a Linux machine from scratch, and configure basic networking. Further, you need to have expertise in performing such tasks as running basic system administration commands on the command line, installing and configuring a Linux operating system, and setting up a network.

You may also go through our LPIC-1 (102-500): Certified Linux Administrator Online tutorial to further strengthen your knowledge base. Our Free Practice Tests will further help attain your desired certification and become competent to your employers in an ever-changing job market.

Everyone gets grilled during interviews. Even if you’re a seasoned expert, the questions you get asked at each new job will invariably be unique. But this doesn’t mean you’ll have to wing it when the time comes for your next interview. To help ease your post-interview nerves here’s a list of some of the more popular LPIC-1 (102-500): Certified Linux Administrator Interview Questions you may get asked. Let’s get started!

1. What is a Linux shell script?

A shell script is a text file containing a sequence of commands for a UNIX-based operating system. The name comes from the fact that it combines a sequence of commands that would otherwise have to be typed into the keyboard one at a time into a single script.

2. Could you differentiate between shell and bash scripting?

Bash stands for “Bourne Again Shell”, and is a better version of the original Bourne shell (sh). A shell script can be used in any shell, but Bash scripts may only be used in a Bash environment.

3. Could you explain the purpose of skeleton directories?

A skeleton directory is a directory used by popular hosting programs such as cPanel or Plesk to store default files and folders. To find this directory, log in to your server via WHM (Web Host Manager) in your browser. Type ‘skell’ into the search box(a), and this will sort the menu options for you.

4. How does the Shebang work in Linux?

The shebang —the first line of the script file— tells the kernel which program to use to run the program in a file. A shebang is any one-line comment that has the characters 

5. How would you define SUID permissions?

The SUID bit is called Set owner User ID. This bit is a special permission that applies to scripts or applications. When the SUID bit is set, when the command is run, its effective UID becomes that of the owner of the file instead of the user running it.

6. How would you define the X11 architecture?

The X Window System (aka X11) is a network protocol for displaying graphics on a variety of different hardware platforms. It has been implemented by a number of different vendors for a wide variety of hardware platforms. In Ubuntu, we ship X11 as implemented by the X.org project on Linux.

7. Is Wayland better than X11?

Wayland is more lightweight than X, as it avoids most of X11’s legacy baggage. One of the primary reasons for X11’s complexity is that its function has changed over the years. As a result, today, X11 widely serves as “a really terrible” communications protocol between the clients and the window managers.

8. How would you explain what Xorg does in Linux?

Xorg is an open-source X11-based desktop infrastructure. It is a piece of software that allows you to interact with your hardware and run graphical programs and applications. Xorg is also fully network-aware, meaning that you can run a program on one computer while actually viewing it on another.

9. What assistive technologies are available in Fedora and Ubuntu versions of Linux?

Ubuntu comes with a number of accessibility tools pre-installed and activated. The screen reader, magnifier, and on-screen keyboard can be activated using the Gnome Assistive Technology Preferences panel, found under System>Preferences in the Applications menu.

10. Could you explain a User Group in the database?

User groups are essentially database items that are used as a representation of a collection of user accounts. They’re designed to make it easier to manage the privileges and permissions of multiple user accounts at once. Typically, you create a user group to represent a collection of user accounts or sometimes even a department within your organization.

11. What is the difference between a job and a cron job?

By creating Kubernetes Jobs, transient pods can be created that perform specific tasks. A CronJob does the same thing, but it runs the tasks according to a defined schedule.

12. What do you mean by localization?

The process of localizing a product, application, or document refers to modifying its content to meet the linguistic, cultural, geographical, and other requirements of a specific market (a locale).

13. What is the difference between localization and Internationalisation?

Internationalization is the design of software so it can be adapted to various languages and regions. Whereas, localization is the actual adaptation of internationalized software for a specific region or language by translating text and adding locale-specific components.

14. How would you define the NTP Chrony?

Chrony is a free software package that allows computers to synchronize their clocks over the network, using the Network Time Protocol (NTP). It’s a replacement for the ntpd, which is a reference implementation of the NTP. Chrony runs on Unix-like operating systems (including Linux and macOS) and is released under version 2 of the GNU General Public License.

15. Can Chrony and NTP run together?

Yes, one can have multiple instances of Chrony on a computer at once. One can operate as an NTP client to synchronize the system clock and another as a server for other computers.

16. Could you highlight the functions of Syslog?

The System Logging Protocol (Syslog) is a standardized way for network devices to send out notifications in a standard message format. Syslog was designed to make it easy to monitor network devices. A Syslog agent, typically installed on the device, can send out notification messages under a wide range of specific conditions, such as when certain types of errors are spotted or when certain events happen.

17. What is meant by the Syslog configuration?

The Syslog daemon (Syslogd) provides a central location for logging messages generated by applications running on your Unix or Linux system. Its configuration file, /etc/Syslog.conf defines logging rules and output destinations for error messages, authorization violation messages, and trace data. Logging rules are defined using a facility name and a priority code.

18. What do you know about the CUPS command?

CUPS, a utility suite for managing printers, provides several commands to set up printers and make those printers accessible to systems on the network. In addition, CUPS supports several printer-specific options that enable you to control printer configuration.

19. What are the differences between IPv6 and IPv4 security?

Although IPv6 is designed with built-in encryption capabilities and packet integrity checking, IPv4 can be configured to offer similar security features, so there is essentially no difference between the two when it comes to Internet Protocol security (IPsec).

20. What are the basic TCP IP parameters?

◉ Hostname.

◉ DHCP client.

◉ Domain name.

◉ IP address.

◉ Netmask.

◉ Broadcast address.

◉ Default router.

21. Could you tell me what do Net-Tools include?

The net-tools package contains a collection of programs that form the base set of the NET- 3 network distribution for Linux. These tools control the network subsystem of the Linux kernel, including arp, hostname, ifconfig, netstat, rarp, and route.

22. What is the importance of the DNS servers?

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a server that is devoted to matching site names, such as example.com, to their corresponding Internet Protocol or IP addresses. The DNS server contains a database including the public IP addresses along with their corresponding domain names.

23. Could you tell me some of the safest DNS servers?

◉ Google Public DNS. IP Addresses: 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4

◉ OpenDNS. IP Addresses: 208.67.220.220 and 208.67.222.222

◉ DNSWatch. IP Addresses: 84.200.69.80 and 84.200.70.40

◉ OpenNIC. IP Addresses: 206.125.173.29 and 45.32.230.225

◉ UncensoredDNS.

24. What are the advantages of shadow passwords over traditional password systems?

Shadow passwords store encrypted passwords in a location that is not readily accessible. Shadow passwords provide a number of benefits, including the ability to store encrypted passwords in /etc/shadow, instead of the unencrypted passwords used in most systems. 

25. What is the difference between shadow and Passwd?

The /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files have different pieces of data. Passwd contains the users’ public information (UID, full name, home directory), while shadow contains the hashed password along with the password expiry date.

26. Could you define TCP wrappers and how they work?

TCP Wrapper allows users to control who may access their computers. The program monitors incoming packets and checks to see if any external entity is attempting to connect. If a connection attempt is detected, TCP Wrapper examines whether the external entity is authorized. If it is authorized for connection, access is permitted; if not, access is denied. The program can be customized to suit the individual user or network needs.

27. How would you define GPG configuration?

GPG.conf is the configuration file that GPGreads on startup. This file may contain any valid long option, but the leading two dashes must not be entered and the option may not be abbreviated. This default name may be changed on the command line (GPG-option –options). You should backup this file.

28. How do GPG encryption and decryption work?

To send someone a secret message, you encrypt it using their public key. They then decrypt the message using their private key. The encrypted message and the short key are sent to the recipient who decrypts them using their own private key.

29. Is GPG encryption secure?

GPG is very secure, as long as you choose a strong enough passphrase. In practice, your passphrase will almost always be the weakest link. This instructs GPG to use a password hashing method that is slow enough to make brute-force guessing impractical, but only if you enter your passphrase on every operation.

30. Could you elaborate on the SSH port tunneling?

SSH tunneling makes it possible to transport arbitrary data over an encrypted SSH connection. It can be used to forward connections made to a port on your own desktop to a remote machine via a secure channel.

Source: testpreptraining.com

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New Learning Materials in Italian, Spanish, and Polish

Linux Professional Institute (LPI) recently released Italian and Spanish language versions of Learning Materials for LPIC-1, as well as the Learning Materials for the Linux Essentials exam in Polish.

Andrea Polidori finalized the translation into Italian of the LPIC-1 102 Lessons, edited by Max Roveri. Andrea says, “Often the students in my courses ask me for material in Italian to improve their preparation for the LPIC-1 certification exams. After months of working with my colleague and friend Max Roveri, I can finally tell them that everything they need is on the LPI Learning portal.”

José Alvarez is the Spanish translator of the LPIC-1 102 Learning Materials, honed by the editors Yoel Torres and Juan Ibarra. José says, “When I first started working with the Learning Materials, I realized what excellent support they are for my colleagues and everyone who works with Linux. Translating them into Spanish, therefore, became a major goal for me and a great experience with the LPI team,”

A profitable and busy summer also saw the release of the Polish translation of the Learning Portal, along with the translation of the Linux Essentials Materials in the same language. Krzysztof Lorenz, the translator, commented. “The translation of the Learning Materials into Polish is a good signal for the free and open source software (FOSS) movement in Poland and I am very pleased to be able to contribute to this achievement. I really enjoyed working with the LPI team.”

Source: lpi.org

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102-500: Linux Administrator - 102 (LPIC-1 102)

The world’s largest and most recognized Linux certification

LPIC-1 is the first certification in the multi-level Linux professional certification program of the Linux Professional Institute (LPI). The LPIC-1 will validate the candidate's ability to perform maintenance tasks on the command line, install and configure a computer running Linux and configure basic networking.

The LPIC-1 is designed to reflect current research and validate a candidate's proficiency in real world system administration. The objectives are tied to real-world job skills, which we determine through job task analysis surveying during exam development.

Current version: 5.0 (Exam codes 102-500)

Objectives: 102-500

Prerequisites: There are no prerequisites for this certification.

Requirements: Passing the 102 exams. Each 90-minute exam is 60 multiple-choice and fill-in-the-blank questions.

Validity period: 5 years unless retaken or higher level is achieved.

Languages for exam available in VUE test centers: English, German, Japanese, Portuguese (Brazilian), Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Spanish (Modern)

Languages for exam available online via OnVUE: English, Japanese, Portuguese (Brazilian), Spanish

To become LPIC-1 certified the candidate must be able to:

◉ understand the architecture of a Linux system;

◉ install and maintain a Linux workstation, including X11 and setup it up as a network client;

◉ work at the Linux command line, including common GNU and Unix commands;

◉ handle files and access permissions as well as system security; and

◉ perform easy maintenance tasks: help users, add users to a larger system, backup and restore, shutdown and reboot.

Read More: 102-500: Linux Administrator - 102 (LPIC-1 102)

Linux Professional Institute LPIC-1 tests ability to perform maintenance tasks with the command line, install and configure a computer running Linux and be able to configure basic networking.

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The Linux LPIC Level-1 Certification at a Glance

What is the LPI Certification?

The Linux Professional Institute has primarily created Linux certifications for getting entry into senior-level positions. The Linux Professional Institute, which is also referred to as LPI, is a nonprofit organization that is based in Canada. The organization encourages the usage of free software, Linux, and Open Source. The organization offers Vendor-Neutral Linux Certifications to information technology professionals throughout the world. It presently has 400 training partners, which signifies that it is the largest Linux Certification (Vendor Neutral) body in the world.

LPI certifications are also rated as the best among all the different Linux Certifications that are available online.

Overview of LPI Certification

LPI certification is very simple and is a group of there different certifications. All of the certifications are dependent on one another, as you will realize once you read this article.

The first certification on the LPI certification track is LPIC-1, which is fundamentally an entry-level certification that is designed for individuals who can configure and install a workstation operating Linux. Such individuals can also configure the fundamental network and monitor the maintenance of the system directly from the command line. LPIC-1 is also known as Linux Administrator.

The LPIC-2 is termed as Linux Engineer. It is a mid-level certification that has been basically created for professionals who can manage both medium and small-sized mixed networks.

LPIC-3 is known as Linux Enterprise Professional. It is a senior-level certification that is recommended for Linux Professionals who can plan, troubleshoot, conceptualize, and design Linux installations in environments that are an enterprise in context.

To obtain LPIC certification, you need to pass two multiple choice exams. The cost of each exam is $200. Pearson VUE administers the exam. Linux essentials certification is beneficial for all those individuals who are just beginning their Linux careers. Linux essentials include all the core skills such as Linux operating system and command-line editing.

Linux LPIC level-1 certification at a Glance

As mentioned already, the LPIC certification is an excellent choice for individuals who are interested in the IT field.

LPIC differentiates engineers from various levels. The original 3 level system is extremely compatible with real-world scenarios and experience. Many Linux enthusiasts and engineers take advantage of Linux LPIC level-1 certification to take their knowledge to the next level.

Linux LPIC level-1 certification is a junior levelcertification that requires you to clear two exams. There are no prerequisites for the exam.

The first exam is “LPIC-1 101-500”. The exam includes file systems, system architecture, bolts, and nuts of Linux installation and Unix commands.

The second exam is “LPIC-1 102-500”. This exam measures individuals’ expertise in the shell environment, running scripts, managing databases, and running of SQL commands.

To pass the LPIC exam, you also need to have a stronghold on configuring settings for the desktop and user interfaces. You also must be fluent in securing Linux systems and creating network connections.

Skills Required for Linux LPIC-1 Certification Exam

To pass Linux LPIC level-1 certification, you need to have some level of expertise in different areas of Linux. To appear for this exam, no prior knowledge related to Linux is necessary.

• You must learn how to work on the command line such as shells, the role of command shells, the shell prompts, navigation of the file system, changing of the shell, and important environment variables.
• You must learn about using pipes, redirects, and You must have firm knowledge about the standard quoting rules, nesting of commands, and brace expansion.
• To pass Linux LPIC level-1 certification, you must have firm knowledge about managing ownership and file permissions. You must know about the directory permissions, changing of file permissions, and certainly, file ownership.
• To pass the Linux LPIC level-1 certification test, you need to have some knowledge about deleting, creating, and displaying of files. You are expected to know about directory manipulation, file manipulation, and file system links.
• You should know how to work with compression and archives.
• You must know how to use the filters for the processing of text streams.
• It would help if you had a firm grip on how to use the regular expressions for the searching of the text files.
• To clear the Linux LPIC level-1 certification exam, you must know how to do the primary file editing operations using VI.
• You should know how to kill, create, and oversee the processes. You must know how to utilize the advanced screen and signals.
• It would be best if you are highly skilled in DEBIAN AND YUM package management.
• A certain level of knowledge relevant to working with partitions, disk quotas, and file systems.
• You need to have a certain level of understanding of the Linux Boot Process.
• You must know how to configure and identify the hardware settings.
• In the end, you must learn about the fundamentals of Linux if you want to pass the Linux LPIC level-1 certification.

Conclusion

Linux LPIC level-1 certification is a beneficialcertification that will help you advance in your career. However, just like any other certification, getting it is not a cakewalk. You need to work hard and prepare well for your exam if you want to obtain the certification. There are many online study materials, practice tests, you tube videos available on the internet through which you can easily prepare for the actual LPIC certification exam.

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102-500: Linux Administrator - 102 (LPIC-1 102)

The world’s largest and most recognized Linux Certification

LPIC-1 is the first certification in LPI’s multi-level Linux professional certification program. The LPIC-1 will validate the candidate's ability to perform maintenance tasks on the command line, install and configure a computer running Linux and configure basic networking.

The LPIC-1 is designed to reflect current research and validate a candidate's proficiency in real world system administration. The objectives are tied to real-world job skills, which we determine through job task analysis surveying during exam development.

Current Version: 5.0 (Exam codes 102-500)

Objectives: 102-500

Prerequisites: There are no prerequisites for this certification

Requirements: Passing exams 102

Validity Period: 5 years

Languages: English, German, Japanese, Portuguese, Chinese (Simplified) and Chinese (Traditional). Exams in following languages will be released in 2019: Italian, Spanish, French.

102-500: Linux Administrator - 102

102-500 LPIC-1 Exam Syllabus

To become LPIC-1 certified the candidate must be able to:

◈ understand the architecture of a Linux system;
◈ install and maintain a Linux workstation, including X11 and setup it up as a network client;
◈ work at the Linux command line, including common GNU and Unix commands;
◈ handle files and access permissions as well as system security; and
◈ perform easy maintenance tasks: help users, add users to a larger system, backup and restore, shutdown and reboot.

LPIC-1 Exam 102

Exam Objectives Version: Version 5.0

Exam Codes: 102-500

About Objective Weights: Each objective is assigned a weighting value. The weights indicate the relative importance of each objective on the exam. Objectives with higher weights will be covered in the exam with more questions.

Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting

105.1 Customize and use the shell environment

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.

Key Knowledge Areas:

◈ Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
◈ Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
◈ Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
◈ Set command search path with the proper directory.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

◈ .
◈ source
◈ /etc/bash.bashrc
◈ /etc/profile
◈ env
◈ export
◈ set
◈ unset
◈ ~/.bash_profile
◈ ~/.bash_login
◈ ~/.profile
◈ ~/.bashrc
◈ ~/.bash_logout
◈ function
◈ alias

105.2 Customize or write simple scripts

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.

Key Knowledge Areas:

◈ Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
◈ Use command substitution.
◈ Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
◈ Execute chained commands.
◈ Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
◈ Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
◈ Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

◈ for
◈ while
◈ test
◈ if
◈ read
◈ seq
◈ exec
◈ ||
◈ &&

Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops

106.1 Install and configure X11

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.

Key Knowledge Areas:

◈ Understanding of the X11 architecture.
◈ Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
◈ Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
◈ Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
◈ Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
◈ Awareness of Wayland.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

◈ /etc/X11/xorg.conf
◈ /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
◈ ~/.xsession-errors
◈ xhost
◈ xauth
◈ DISPLAY
◈ X

106.2 Graphical Desktops

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.

Key Knowledge Areas:

◈ Awareness of major desktop environments
◈ Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

◈ KDE
◈ Gnome
◈ Xfce
◈ X11
◈ XDMCP
◈ VNC
◈ Spice
◈ RDP

106.3 Accessibility

Weight: 1

Description: Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.

Key Knowledge Areas:

◈ Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
◈ Basic knowledge of assistive technology.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

◈ High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
◈ Screen Reader.
◈ Braille Display.
◈ Screen Magnifier.
◈ On-Screen Keyboard.
◈ Sticky/Repeat keys.
◈ Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
◈ Mouse keys.
◈ Gestures.
◈ Voice recognition.

Topic 107: Administrative Tasks

107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files

Weight: 5

Description: Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.

Key Knowledge Areas:

◈ Add, modify and remove users and groups.
◈ Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
◈ Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

◈ /etc/passwd
◈ /etc/shadow
◈ /etc/group
◈ /etc/skel/
◈ chage
◈ getent
◈ groupadd
◈ groupdel
◈ groupmod
◈ passwd
◈ useradd
◈ userdel
◈ usermod

107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.

Key Knowledge Areas:

◈ Manage cron and at jobs.
◈ Configure user access to cron and at services.
◈ Understand systemd timer units.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

◈ /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
◈ /etc/at.deny
◈ /etc/at.allow
◈ /etc/crontab
◈ /etc/cron.allow
◈ /etc/cron.deny
◈ /var/spool/cron/
◈ crontab
◈ at
◈ atq
◈ atrm
◈ systemctl
◈ systemd-run

107.3 Localisation and internationalisation

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.

Key Knowledge Areas:

◈ Copy, move and remove files and directories individually
◈ Copy multiple files and directories recursively
◈ Remove files and directories recursively
◈ Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands
◈ Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time
◈ Usage of tar, cpio and dd

Terms and Utilities:

◈ /etc/timezone
◈ /etc/localtime
◈ /usr/share/zoneinfo/
◈ LC_*
◈ LC_ALL
◈ LANG
◈ TZ
◈ /usr/bin/locale
◈ tzselect
◈ timedatectl
◈ date
◈ iconv
◈ UTF-8
◈ ISO-8859
◈ ASCII
◈ Unicode

Topic 108: Essential System Services

108.1 Maintain system time

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.

Key Knowledge Areas:

◈ Set the system date and time.
◈ Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
◈ Configure the correct timezone.
◈ Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
◈ Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
◈ Awareness of the ntpq command.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

◈ /usr/share/zoneinfo/
◈ /etc/timezone
◈ /etc/localtime
◈ /etc/ntp.conf
◈ /etc/chrony.conf
◈ date
◈ hwclock
◈ timedatectl
◈ ntpd
◈ ntpdate
◈ chronyc
◈ pool.ntp.org

108.2 System logging

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.

Key Knowledge Areas:

◈ Basic configuration of rsyslog.
◈ Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
◈ Query the systemd journal.
◈ Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority.
◈ Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size.
◈ Delete old systemd journal data.
◈ Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy.
◈ Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald.
◈ Configuration of logrotate.
◈ Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.

Terms and Utilities:

◈ /etc/rsyslog.conf
◈ /var/log/
◈ logger
◈ logrotate
◈ /etc/logrotate.conf
◈ /etc/logrotate.d/
◈ journalctl
◈ systemd-cat
◈ /etc/systemd/journald.conf
◈ /var/log/journal/

108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.

Key Knowledge Areas:

◈ Create e-mail aliases.
◈ Configure e-mail forwarding.
◈ Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration).

Terms and Utilities:

◈ ~/.forward
◈ sendmail emulation layer commands
◈ newaliases
◈ mail
◈ mailq
◈ postfix
◈ sendmail
◈ exim

108.4 Manage printers and printing

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.

Key Knowledge Areas:

◈ Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
◈ Manage user print queues.
◈ Troubleshoot general printing problems.
◈ Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

◈ CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
◈ /etc/cups/
◈ lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)

Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals

109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.

Key Knowledge Areas:

◈ Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
◈ Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
◈ Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
◈ Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
◈ Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
◈ Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

◈ /etc/services
◈ IPv4, IPv6
◈ Subnetting
◈ TCP, UDP, ICMP

109.2 Persistent network configuration

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.

Key Knowledge Areas:

◈ Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration.
◈ Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager.
◈ Awareness of systemd-networkd.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

◈ /etc/hostname
◈ /etc/hosts
◈ /etc/nsswitch.conf
◈ /etc/resolv.conf
◈ nmcli
◈ hostnamectl
◈ ifup
◈ ifdown

109.3 Basic network troubleshooting

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.

Key Knowledge Areas:

◈ Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
◈ Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
◈ Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
◈ Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

◈ ip
◈ hostname
◈ ss
◈ ping
◈ ping6
◈ traceroute
◈ traceroute6
◈ tracepath
◈ tracepath6
◈ netcat
◈ ifconfig
◈ netstat
◈ route

109.4 Configure client side DNS

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.

Key Knowledge Areas:

◈ Query remote DNS servers.
◈ Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
◈ Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
◈ Debug errors related to name resolution.
◈ Awareness of systemd-resolved.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

◈ /etc/hosts
◈ /etc/resolv.conf
◈ /etc/nsswitch.conf
◈ host
◈ dig
◈ getent

Topic 110: Security

110.1 Perform security administration tasks

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.

Key Knowledge Areas:

◈ Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
◈ Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
◈ Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
◈ Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
◈ Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
◈ Basic sudo configuration and usage.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

◈ find
◈ passwd
◈ fuser
◈ lsof
◈ nmap
◈ chage
◈ netstat
◈ sudo
◈ /etc/sudoers
◈ su
◈ usermod
◈ ulimit
◈ who, w, last

110.2 Setup host security

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.

Key Knowledge Areas:

◈ Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
◈ Turn off network services not in use.
◈ Understand the role of TCP wrappers.

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

◈ /etc/nologin
◈ /etc/passwd
◈ /etc/shadow
◈ /etc/xinetd.d/
◈ /etc/xinetd.conf
◈ systemd.socket
◈ /etc/inittab
◈ /etc/init.d/
◈ /etc/hosts.allow
◈ /etc/hosts.deny

110.3 Securing data with encryption

Weight: 4

Description: The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.

Key Knowledge Areas:

◈ Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
◈ Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
◈ Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
◈ Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
◈ Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).
◈ The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

◈ ssh
◈ ssh-keygen
◈ ssh-agent
◈ ssh-add
◈ ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
◈ ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
◈ ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
◈ ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
◈ /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
◈ /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
◈ /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
◈ /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
◈ ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
◈ ssh_known_hosts
◈ gpg
◈ gpg-agent
◈ ~/.gnupg/

Future Change Considerations

Future changes to the objective will/may include:

◈ Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
◈ Remove TCP wrappers

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