LPIC-2 (202-450) Certified Linux Engineer Sample Questions

Question 1 – NFSv4 provides which of the following services that do not exist in NFSv3?

A. rpc.idmapd

B. rpc.statd

C. nfsd

D. rpc.mountd

Correct Answer: A

Question 2 – When smb passwd is used to change the encrypted Samba password, which of the following actions synchronizes UNIX passwords with Samba passwords?

A. There are no actions to accomplish this since is not possible.

B. Run net vamp regularly, to convert the passwords.

C. Run winbind “”sync, to synchronize the passwords.

D. Add Unix password sync = yes to smb.conf

E. Add smb Unix password = sync to smb.conf

Correct Answer: D

Question 3 – Using the samba-tool test parm command, what does it confirm about the Samba configuration?

A. The configuration loads successfully.

B. The service operates as expected.

C. The Samba services are started automatically when the system boots.

D. Netfilter is not blocking access to the services specified in the configuration on the Samba server.

E. All running Samba processes use the most recent configuration version.

Correct Answer: A

Question 4 – If the main goal is to set up a guest printer service, which Samba option should be selected?

A. security = cups

B. security = ldap

C. security = pam

D. security = share

E. security = printing

Correct Answer: D

Question 5 – What command is used for displaying NFC kernel statistics?

Correct Answer: nfsstat

Question 6 – In Squid configuration, which keyword is used to define networks and times used to limit access?

A. acl

B. allow

C. http_allow

D. permit

Correct Answer: A

Question 7 – Given the following Squid configuration excerpt: cache_dir ufs /var/spool/squid3/ 1024 16 256
Directly within the directory will exist the following directories: /var/spool/squid3/?

A. 0F

B. A0

C. 0b

D. FF

E. 00

Correct Answer: AC

Question 8 – What is true about Server Name Indication (SNI)? (Choose two.)

A. supports transparent failover of TLS sessions from one web server to another.

B. allows multiple SSL/TLS secured virtual HTTP hosts to coexist on the same IP address.

C. enables HTTP servers for updating the DNS of their virtual hosts’ names using the X 509 certificates of the virtual hosts.

D. provides a list of available virtual hosts to the client during the TLS handshake.

E. submits the hostname of the requested URL during the TLS handshake.

Correct Answer: BE

Question 9 – When the SSL certificate for the server was generated, which Apache HTTPD configuration directive used the RSA private key?

A. SSLCertificateKeyFile

B. SSLKeyFile

C. SSLPrivateKeyFile

D. SSLRSAKeyFile

Correct Answer: A

Question 10 – On a site hosted by Apache HTTPD, users are required to authenticate against the /srv/www/security/sitepasswd file in order to access a restricted area. If Basic authentication is used, how can existing users change their passwords without losing data?

A. htpasswd “”c /srv/www/security/sitepasswd user

B. htpasswd /srv/www/security/sitepasswd user

C. htpasswd “”n /srv/www/security/sitepasswd user

D. htpasswd “”D /srv/www/security/sitepasswd user

Correct Answer: A

Question 11 – What Apache HTTPD configuration directive specifies the authentication method, eg, Basic or None?

A. AuthUser

B. AllowedAuthUser

C. AuthType

D. AllowAuth

Correct Answer: C

Question 12 – The IPv4 packet forwarding for a Linux router has been enabled. Rebooting the machine stops it from forwarding IP packets from other hosts. The command: echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward can temporarily resolve this issue. In order to keep this setting across system restarts, which of the following options is best?

A. Adding echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward to the root user login script

B. Adding echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward to any user login script

C. In /etc/sysct1.conf change net.ipv4.ip_forward to 1

D. In /etc/rc.local add net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

E. In /etc/sysconfig/iptables-config add ipv4.ip_forward = 1

Correct Answer: C

Question 13 – When an OpenVPN server configuration file specifies a status parameter, what information can be found in that file? (Choose two.)

A. Errors and warnings generated by the OpenVPN daemon

B. Routing information

C. Statistical information regarding the currently running OpenVPN daemon

D. A list of currently connected clients

E. A history of all clients who have connected at some point

Correct Answer: BD

Question 14 – To increase the security of the server, which of the following lines should be changed in the sshd configuration file? (Choose two.)

A. Protocol 2, 1

B. PermitEmptyPasswords no

C. Port 22

D. PermitRootLogin yes

E. IgnoreRhosts yes

Correct Answer: AD

Question 15 – In which Nmap parameter does Nmap scan a target for open TCP ports? (Choose two.)

A. -sO

B. -sZ

C. -sT

D. -sU

E. -sS

Correct Answer: CE

Question 16 – Is there an option in the client configuration file that would permit OpenVPN to connect to a peer using a dynamic source port?

A. src-port

B. remote

C. source-port

D. nobind

E. dynamic-bind

Correct Answer: D

Question 17 – In order to provide anonymous FTP users with file system operations, which Linux user is used by vsftpd?

A. The Linux user which runs the vsftpd process

B. The Linux user that owns the root FTP directory served by vsftpd

C. The Linux user having the same user name that was used to anonymously log into the FTP server

D. The Linux user root, but vsftpd grants access to anonymous users only to globally read-/writeable files

E. The Linux user specified in the configuration option ftp_username

Correct Answer: E

Question 18 – If you want to disable password-based logins altogether, what sshd configuration should be set to no? (Choose two.)

A. PAMAuthentication

B. ChallengegeResponseAuthentication

C. PermitPlaintextLogin

D. UsePasswords

E. PasswordAuthentication

Correct Answer: BE

Question 19 – DROP is the default policy for the Netfilter INPUT chain, so why would a rule allowing traffic to localhost is necessary?

A. All traffic to localhost must always be allowed

B. It doesn’t matter; Netfilter never affects packets addressed to localhost

C. Some applications use the localhost interface to communicate with other applications

D. syslogd receives messages on localhost

E. Via iptables, packet filter rules can be created and changed using the Netfiltered daemon on localhost

Correct Answer: C

Question 20 – SSH key pairs are created with what command? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters)

Correct Answer: ssh-keygen

Source: testpreptraining.com

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How a GNU/Linux Distribution Succeeds, Part 1: Two Long-Lasting Examples

In the world of GNU/Linux distributions, many flourish like grass and then wither away. Despite many appealing elements, a lot of distributions lack staying power. But the ones that have been most successful share some key traits among their great diversity–I discovered that while researching this article.

Out of the hundreds of distributions of Linux (for short), I’m choosing for this article two that have lasted over nearly the whole history of the operating system, have grown stronger over the decades, have given rise to child distributions, and still power huge numbers of sites today: Red Hat and Debian. This article looks at why these distributions became so successful and spawned families (Fedora and CentOS out of Red Hat; Ubuntu and many others out of Debian).

Both Red Hat and Debian started in 1993, just a couple years after Linus Torwalds unveiled his kernel to the world. Red Hat and Debian quickly muscled out a handful of less professionally run projects such as Slackware and SLS. The new distributions took very different routes: Red Hat as a company with a large contributing community, and Debian as a community whose commercial aspects were quite minor.

Along with my own recollections, this article draws on interviews with the following leaders in the field, and has been reviewed by others:

◉ Scott McCarty, long-time Red Hat administrator and currently product manager for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server

◉ Bruce Perens, one of the leading figures in open source and free software whose roles included leading the Debian project and co-founding the Open Source Initiative (OSI)

◉ Matt Welsh, an early leader of the Linux Documentation Project and co-author of the best-selling 1996 book Running Linux (with me as his editor)

In terms of user base, of course, Android is the most popular Linux distribution. People are even using it for purposes outside of Google phones. But I won’t cover Android here because its history and role in computing are so unique. In particular–as pointed out by Richard Stallman, founder and head of the GNU project–Android makes very little use of the commands and tools that the other distributions use, particularly the GNU compiler and libraries that make it possible for other distributions to run the operating system (hence the preferred term for distributions: GNU/Linux).

The following key factors emerged from my interviews as underlying the success of both Red Hat and Debian:

◉ Respecting and meeting the needs of the community

◉ Following a professional process to develop a reliable product

◉ Creating a robust packaging system

I'll explore these and related factors in this two-part article.

Respecting and meeting the needs of the community

Numerous companies such as Caldera adopted a conventional corporate approach. They took software from various vendors and open source projects to create CDs for their customers. It was like building and selling a shirt or a bicycle. To be sure, many companies listen to customers and build on their innovations, as pointed out by MIT Sloan professor Eric von Hippel. But few companies focus on communities.

Listening to Contributors and Users

Debian was community-based from the start and has always remained so. This won it enormous trust, because no one felt that a corporate hand would distort the will of the community or profit unfairly. The Free Software Foundation (FSF), a non-profit, was an important early sponsor of Debian. Although Debian has always been a community effort, a company was set up early in the project to sell CDs of the distribution.

According to both McCarty and Welsh, Red Hat was also unusually—perhaps uniquely, for a software company—attentive to its community from the start. And this community, feeling acknowledged, accepted the company because users knew that a corporate entity was needed to manufacture CDs and get the distribution out to the public.

Throwing In One’s Lot With the Sources of Software

I do freelance work for Red Hat now, and am routinely amazed at the amount of time invested by its paid staff in community projects: compilers, Python and JavaScript packages, networking tools, and more. According to a 2005 article, Red Hat made a decision around that time to contribute their changes upstream and use the community's source code instead of giving customers fixes specific to Red Hat. In turn, developers using the community versions—Fedora and CentOS—contribute improvements that get accepted into Red Hat Enterprise Linux, the commercial offering.

Integrating a company’s work with the upstream community is obviously good for other free software users and companies that depend on the code, but Red Hat also benefits because it doesn’t have to maintain forked versions. A video by Dave Neary provides more background on this historic decision.

James M. Whitehurst, who was chair of the board of Red Hat from 2007 through 2020, wrote an idealistic and exhortatory book The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance (also the inspiration for a Red Hat website). In this book, he urges all companies to apply the principles of open source, allowing radical forms of experimentation and information sharing. No company can consistently follow these ideals, but from my vantage point as a freelancer, Red Hat employees remain committed to an egalitarian and honest work environment.

A Careful Balance With Proprietary Software

Debian had to make a very difficult decision in the mid-1990s: whether to incorporate non-free products into the distribution or make a principled commitment to including only free software (while allowing a separate repository where users could download popular proprietary tools). Anthropologist E. Gabriella Coleman, in her book Coding Freedom, explains that other distributions at that time were perceived to have an advantage because they included proprietary software that users enjoyed.

But the Debian community made an historic commitment to include only free software in the Debian distribution, partly because of its early ties to the FSF. The discussions producing this decision were led by Bruce Perens when he was Debian Project Leader. The commitment became part  of a "Social Contract" with the free software community. Of course, Red Hat has the same approach, providing a totally open source distribution while making it easy to add proprietary software if you want it. 

I think that the commitment to free software was a smart, forward-thinking decision that strengthened the free software community and ultimately spurred the widespread adoption of the distributions. People could trust everything in the distributions—not that everything always worked (software doesn't operate like that), but that the community could maintain control over the software and prioritize community needs.

Perens believes that the constant concern for policy among Debian leadership is the most important factor in their success. Discussion at Debian was incorporated by Perens into the Debian Free Software Guidelines, the project’s definition of what software was free enough to be part of Debian. Less than a year later, that text became the Open Source Definition, which determines all the licenses approved by OSI and has the force of law in the United States. 

Governance Is Required

The Debian leadership took a very firm direction in community building: not only vetting new maintainers, but mentoring them through what one might call a process of self-discovery to ensure their commitment to free software and its associated community processes. Coleman spends a lot of time on this New Maintainer's Process (NMP), as it was then called. (Because her book came out in 2013, the process is probably much different now.)

The NMP involved a series of essays explaining the developer's motivations for becoming a maintainer and explaining in the developer's own words their relationship to free software. Logistical tasks such as joining Debian's web of trust are also involved.

As Coleman describes the NMP, it sounds almost like initiation into a cult. But it's better compared to attending graduate school. If you spend three to six years studying history, biology, or law, you are being forced to trace the paths taken by others before you and to absorb their thought processes. Hopefully, you pick up their habits and commitment to iron-clad research. There's a reason that graduate school subjects are called disciplines. I think that Debian's NMP tries to instill this kind of discipline in a relatively short time.

In any case, Debian organically developed a system for onboarding new talent, a key requirement for any project.

According to Perens, the Debian project went further and decentralized development for the 15-20 packages needed to build the operating system, so that pieces could be developed by people in different parts of the world with no manager in common.

Debian mailing lists have often been criticized for nasty postings on their mailing lists. Coleman's book echoes these criticisms. But when I attended the 2010 Debian conference, I found a lovely group of people who enjoyed each other and cared deeply about working well as a community. I thought that they needed to improve the harshness of the online culture, but that fundamentally they were passionate volunteers who just wanted the highest level of effort from everybody.

And what about Fedora? Certainly it's a useful distribution to load on your personal computer if you work for an organization that runs Red Hat Enterprise Linux. But McCarty tells me that Fedora is much more widespread than that. It has an independent community that prefers it on its own merits.

The Role of Conferences

As a final note on community, conferences are important for bringing communities together. Debian holds conferences on every continent, moving its annual conference each year. The Fedora Contributor Conference (Flock) and DevConf play similar roles for developers and users on Fedora and Red Hat.

Coleman offers a wonderful description of a conference that really makes you sense what it's like to be there. She does not, however, explain another important point: that conferences are critical for summit-level discussions that set the direction of the community for the upcoming year.

The second part of the article explores the other two factors in the success of Red Hat and Debian, and compares them to a couple other Linux distributions.

Source: lpi.org

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LPIC-3 300-100 Exam FREE Dumps

300-100 exam is a related test for Lpi LPIC-3 certification. LPIC-3 is designed for the enterprise-level Linux professional and represents the highest level of professional, distribution-neutral Linux certification within the industry.  LPIC-3 Exam 300: Mixed Environments 300-100 exam languages are English and Japanese.

1. In order to restrict access to the SMB (445/tcp) port and stop the use of NetBIOS (139/tcp), what parameter is required in smb.conf in Samba 3?

• disable netbios = Yes
• smb ports = 445
• disable directhosting = No
• socket options = port: 445

2. To minimally configure Samba to publish event logs, the eventlogs to list must be specified in smb.conf.

What is the directive in the smb.conf file to enable event logs and list which eventlogs to publish?

• event list
• eventlogadm
• msevent list
• eventlog list
• eventlog

3. Which parameter must be set in the [global] section of smb.conf in order to make Samba use printers managed by CUPS?

• printing = cups
• printcap = cups
• printcap = /etc/cups/printers.conf
• print spooler = cups

4. What is stored in the secrets.tdb database file?

• The password of the Samba user Administrator.
• The password of the Samba user root.
• Starting with Samba3 this file is no longer used.
• The SID of the local machine.

5. Which of the following are correct values for boolean parameters in smb.conf? (Select THREE correct answers.)

• 1
• true
• not
• no
• y

6. Which parameter in smb.conf defines the directory containing secrets.tdb?

• passdb dir
• private dir
• secrets dir
• samba dir

7. Which command can be used to validate and backup a TDB file?

• pdbedit
• tdbbackup
• tdbdump
• tdblist

8. Which command in the Samba suite will list the current connections?

• nmbstatus
• smbconnlist
• smbsocklist
• smbstatus

9. Which commands can be used to terminate all running instances of smbd?

• smbcontrol smbd shutdown
• smbcontrol nmbd shutdown
• smbcontrol shutdown
• smbcontrol samba shutdown

10. Which type of files will be stored inside the directory specified below?

# smbd -b |grep LOCKDIR

LOCKDIR: /var/cache/samba

• Configuration files
• TDB files
• WINS name cache files
• Samba print spool files

11. The log level parameter in smb.conf should normally not be set higher than 2 becausE.

• credentials supplied by the user are logged, which poses a security risk.
• the increased verbosity has a negative impact on network bandwidth.
• most Samba administrators cannot understand the information presented at higher log levels.
• the server flushes the log file after each operation, which affects overall performance.

12. Which commands will dump out the contents of a Samba printer driver's TDB file? (Select TWO correct answers.)

• pdbedit
• smbclient
• tdbtool dump
• tdbdump
• tdblist

13. In order to generate individual logfiles for machines connecting to Samba, which of the following statements have to be used in the Samba configuration file?

• log file = /var/log/samba/log.%c
• log file = /var/log/samba/log.%M
• log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m
• log file = /var/log/samba/log.%I

14. Starting with Samba 3.0, what support was added for filenames and other text containing characters in international character sets?

• Unicode
• Locale
• Valid Chars
• Client Code Page 850
• Character Set 850

15. By default Samba tries to recognize correct charsets between server and client.

Which parameters can be used in smb.conf to set them manually? (Choose TWO correct answers)

• unix charset
• display charset
• dos charset
• windows charset
• unicode

Source: dumpsbase.com

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Open Source JobHub connects job hunters with companies working in FOSS

Open Source JobHub (OSJH), a unique site that connects potential employees with companies working with free and open source software, has just formed a Sustaining Partnership with Linux Professional Institute (LPI).

Launched in the first week of May,OSJH is similar, on the surface, to other job listings: Companies post their openings and job hunters respond. But several aspects make OSJH unique.

First, of course, is the focus on open source. Many people—not just developers—prefer to support the open source community if they can. OSJH saves them from sorting through 3,000 companies at a job site to find the few who pay for open source work.

And the site is not limited to developers, although currently the majority of jobs fall under that category. You can also find openings in sales, marketing, and accounting. Founder Brian Osborn told me they even had a job opening for an editor at one point, a detail that warmed my heart.

Another unique aspect of OSJH is that you can go through the whole process—including applying for jobs—without signing up. That is, you can preserve your privacy.

Up to 130 companies have simultaneously posted jobs at times, and current openings run into the many hundreds. And this is an early stage of the site. Among the organizations posting are some very familiar to open source advocates, such as the Linux Foundation, Mozilla, and Percona.

Osborn says that OSJH avoids burdening companies with fields to fill out. He says that other job sites do that, requiring a lot of clerical work to post a job. Most of the information companies supply to OSJH is in free text. Job hunters can then search for keywords (such as Python or Kubernetes) in order to turn up matches.

The missions of LPI and OSJH are closely aligned: to help people get into open source and move up once they're in. LPI is committed to helping OSJH grow. And given the popularity of open source tools, there is good reason to believe it will.

Open Source JobHub is supported by FOSSlife and Linux Magazine.

Source: lpi.org

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Antonio Sánchez Corbalán Spreads His FOSS Knowledge Across the Spanish Community

Linux Professional Institute signed up Antonio Sánchez Corbalán as an Authorized Training Partner in 2020. He has become extraordinarily popular by offering LPIC 1 training online (as well as Linux Essentials training), sometimes cost-free. Antonio has recently risen from the Silver to the Platinum ATP level.

In this article, he describes his computer training and how he discovered LPI.

I have always been a computer enthusiast. My first computer was an IBM 286 with MS-DOS, where you could do little more than play elementary games on 1.4 MB floppy disks and write texts in the then-popular WordPerfect word processor. I remember the arrival of my first sound card, my first mouse, and above all the first modem able to connect to the "internet."

My first approach to Linux was at the University of Murcia, where I studied computer engineering. When I finished those studies, I took an advanced course on Linux servers at a private academy, strengthening my knowledge in Red Hat, Debian, and SUSE.

Although the labor market demanded many computer professionals, I let myself be carried away by my vocation and took the official exam to become a teacher of vocational training in Spain, achieving my official position as a state official in 2004. This position has allowed me to grow in my two favorite fields: teaching and free software. Parallel to my work as a teacher, I have worked as a Linux system administrator for 20 years in my own companies and projects.

In 2019, I got the institute where I am a classroom teacher to sign an Approved Academic Partner agreement with LPI, which allowed me to learn more about the operation of this organization and its certifications. By that time, the internet had evolved enough to allow me to teach online courses, so I decided to take that step in order to reach more people.

My experience teaching Linux for so many years has taught me where beginners have the most difficulty. So I decided to create a free course for newbies to understand everything they need to get started, especially with the command interpreter. This introductory course has been very well received. It consists of more than 40 videos and 6.5 hours of training.

But students who want to get LPI certification need more help and support. That's why I decided to create paid courses for Linux Essentials and LPIC-1. This way I can dedicate the necessary time to guarantee success in the exam.

In 2020 I became even more involved with LPI, starting as an Approved Training Partner serving and offering LPIC-1 courses to everyone through various online learning platforms. All courses were very well received, and in 2021 I launched the Linux Essentials certification course. As of today, I have almost 100,000 students enrolled in one of my courses that teach Linux, something I am proud of both professionally and personally. That's why I'm currently dedicated to creating more courses, to continue helping everyone who wants to have affordable access to good training in Linux and open source technologies.

I am currently studying for LPIC-2 and creating a course that will help my students train for this certification. When LPIC-2 is ready, I plan to continue creating courses for more LPI certs: Web Development Essentials and DevOps Tools Engineer.

Source: lpi.org

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