The world’s largest and most recognized Linux Certification
LPIC-1 is the first certification in LPI’s multi-level Linux professional certification program. The LPIC-1 will validate the candidate's ability to perform maintenance tasks on the command line, install and configure a computer running Linux and configure basic networking.
The LPIC-1 is designed to reflect current research and validate a candidate's proficiency in real world system administration. The objectives are tied to real-world job skills, which we determine through job task analysis surveying during exam development.
Current Version: 5.0 (Exam codes 102-500)
Objectives: 102-500
Prerequisites: There are no prerequisites for this certification
Requirements: Passing exams 102
Validity Period: 5 years
Languages: English, German, Japanese, Portuguese, Chinese (Simplified) and Chinese (Traditional). Exams in following languages will be released in 2019: Italian, Spanish, French.
To become LPIC-1 certified the candidate must be able to:
◈ understand the architecture of a Linux system;
◈ install and maintain a Linux workstation, including X11 and setup it up as a network client;
◈ work at the Linux command line, including common GNU and Unix commands;
◈ handle files and access permissions as well as system security; and
◈ perform easy maintenance tasks: help users, add users to a larger system, backup and restore, shutdown and reboot.
LPIC-1 Exam 102
Exam Objectives Version: Version 5.0
Exam Codes: 102-500
About Objective Weights: Each objective is assigned a weighting value. The weights indicate the relative importance of each objective on the exam. Objectives with higher weights will be covered in the exam with more questions.
Topic 105: Shells and Shell Scripting
105.1 Customize and use the shell environment
Weight: 4
Description: Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs. Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.
Key Knowledge Areas:
◈ Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell.
◈ Write Bash functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
◈ Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
◈ Set command search path with the proper directory.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
◈ .
◈ source
◈ /etc/bash.bashrc
◈ /etc/profile
◈ env
◈ export
◈ set
◈ unset
◈ ~/.bash_profile
◈ ~/.bash_login
◈ ~/.profile
◈ ~/.bashrc
◈ ~/.bash_logout
◈ function
◈ alias
105.2 Customize or write simple scripts
Weight: 4
Description: Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new Bash scripts.
Key Knowledge Areas:
◈ Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
◈ Use command substitution.
◈ Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a command.
◈ Execute chained commands.
◈ Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
◈ Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
◈ Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
◈ for
◈ while
◈ test
◈ if
◈ read
◈ seq
◈ exec
◈ ||
◈ &&
Topic 106: User Interfaces and Desktops
106.1 Install and configure X11
Weight: 2
Description: Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.
Key Knowledge Areas:
◈ Understanding of the X11 architecture.
◈ Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
◈ Overwrite specific aspects of Xorg configuration, such as keyboard layout.
◈ Understand the components of desktop environments, such as display managers and window managers.
◈ Manage access to the X server and display applications on remote X servers.
◈ Awareness of Wayland.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
◈ /etc/X11/xorg.conf
◈ /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
◈ ~/.xsession-errors
◈ xhost
◈ xauth
◈ DISPLAY
◈ X
106.2 Graphical Desktops
Weight: 1
Description: Candidates should be aware of major Linux desktops. Furthermore, candidates should be aware of protocols used to access remote desktop sessions.
Key Knowledge Areas:
◈ Awareness of major desktop environments
◈ Awareness of protocols to access remote desktop sessions
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
◈ KDE
◈ Gnome
◈ Xfce
◈ X11
◈ XDMCP
◈ VNC
◈ Spice
◈ RDP
106.3 Accessibility
Weight: 1
Description: Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.
Key Knowledge Areas:
◈ Basic knowledge of visual settings and themes.
◈ Basic knowledge of assistive technology.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
◈ High Contrast/Large Print Desktop Themes.
◈ Screen Reader.
◈ Braille Display.
◈ Screen Magnifier.
◈ On-Screen Keyboard.
◈ Sticky/Repeat keys.
◈ Slow/Bounce/Toggle keys.
◈ Mouse keys.
◈ Gestures.
◈ Voice recognition.
Topic 107: Administrative Tasks
107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files
Weight: 5
Description: Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.
Key Knowledge Areas:
◈ Add, modify and remove users and groups.
◈ Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
◈ Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
◈ /etc/passwd
◈ /etc/shadow
◈ /etc/group
◈ /etc/skel/
◈ chage
◈ getent
◈ groupadd
◈ groupdel
◈ groupmod
◈ passwd
◈ useradd
◈ userdel
◈ usermod
107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs
Weight: 4
Description: Candidates should be able to use cron and systemd timers to run jobs at regular intervals and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.
Key Knowledge Areas:
◈ Manage cron and at jobs.
◈ Configure user access to cron and at services.
◈ Understand systemd timer units.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
◈ /etc/cron.{d,daily,hourly,monthly,weekly}/
◈ /etc/at.deny
◈ /etc/at.allow
◈ /etc/crontab
◈ /etc/cron.allow
◈ /etc/cron.deny
◈ /var/spool/cron/
◈ crontab
◈ at
◈ atq
◈ atrm
◈ systemctl
◈ systemd-run
107.3 Localisation and internationalisation
Weight: 3
Description: Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.
Key Knowledge Areas:
◈ Copy, move and remove files and directories individually
◈ Copy multiple files and directories recursively
◈ Remove files and directories recursively
◈ Use simple and advanced wildcard specifications in commands
◈ Using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time
◈ Usage of tar, cpio and dd
Terms and Utilities:
◈ /etc/timezone
◈ /etc/localtime
◈ /usr/share/zoneinfo/
◈ LC_*
◈ LC_ALL
◈ LANG
◈ TZ
◈ /usr/bin/locale
◈ tzselect
◈ timedatectl
◈ date
◈ iconv
◈ UTF-8
◈ ISO-8859
◈ ASCII
◈ Unicode
Topic 108: Essential System Services
108.1 Maintain system time
Weight: 3
Description: Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize the clock via NTP.
Key Knowledge Areas:
◈ Set the system date and time.
◈ Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
◈ Configure the correct timezone.
◈ Basic NTP configuration using ntpd and chrony.
◈ Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service.
◈ Awareness of the ntpq command.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
◈ /usr/share/zoneinfo/
◈ /etc/timezone
◈ /etc/localtime
◈ /etc/ntp.conf
◈ /etc/chrony.conf
◈ date
◈ hwclock
◈ timedatectl
◈ ntpd
◈ ntpdate
◈ chronyc
◈ pool.ntp.org
108.2 System logging
Weight: 4
Description: Candidates should be able to configure rsyslog. This objective also includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server or accept log output as a central log server. Use of the systemd journal subsystem is covered. Also, awareness of syslog and syslog-ng as alternative logging systems is included.
Key Knowledge Areas:
◈ Basic configuration of rsyslog.
◈ Understanding of standard facilities, priorities and actions.
◈ Query the systemd journal.
◈ Filter systemd journal data by criteria such as date, service or priority.
◈ Configure persistent systemd journal storage and journal size.
◈ Delete old systemd journal data.
◈ Retrieve systemd journal data from a rescue system or file system copy.
◈ Understand interaction of rsyslog with systemd-journald.
◈ Configuration of logrotate.
◈ Awareness of syslog and syslog-ng.
Terms and Utilities:
◈ /etc/rsyslog.conf
◈ /var/log/
◈ logger
◈ logrotate
◈ /etc/logrotate.conf
◈ /etc/logrotate.d/
◈ journalctl
◈ systemd-cat
◈ /etc/systemd/journald.conf
◈ /var/log/journal/
108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics
Weight: 3
Description: Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other configuration files are not covered.
Key Knowledge Areas:
◈ Create e-mail aliases.
◈ Configure e-mail forwarding.
◈ Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail, exim) (no configuration).
Terms and Utilities:
◈ ~/.forward
◈ sendmail emulation layer commands
◈ newaliases
◈ mailq
◈ postfix
◈ sendmail
◈ exim
108.4 Manage printers and printing
Weight: 2
Description: Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS and the LPD compatibility interface.
Key Knowledge Areas:
◈ Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
◈ Manage user print queues.
◈ Troubleshoot general printing problems.
◈ Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
◈ CUPS configuration files, tools and utilities
◈ /etc/cups/
◈ lpd legacy interface (lpr, lprm, lpq)
Topic 109: Networking Fundamentals
109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols
Weight: 4
Description: Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network fundamentals.
Key Knowledge Areas:
◈ Demonstrate an understanding of network masks and CIDR notation.
◈ Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad" IP addresses.
◈ Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports and services (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80, 110, 123, 139, 143, 161, 162, 389, 443, 465, 514, 636, 993, 995).
◈ Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and ICMP.
◈ Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6.
◈ Knowledge of the basic features of IPv6.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
◈ /etc/services
◈ IPv4, IPv6
◈ Subnetting
◈ TCP, UDP, ICMP
109.2 Persistent network configuration
Weight: 4
Description: Candidates should be able to manage the persistent network configuration of a Linux host.
Key Knowledge Areas:
◈ Understand basic TCP/IP host configuration.
◈ Configure ethernet and wi-fi network configuration using NetworkManager.
◈ Awareness of systemd-networkd.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
◈ /etc/hostname
◈ /etc/hosts
◈ /etc/nsswitch.conf
◈ /etc/resolv.conf
◈ nmcli
◈ hostnamectl
◈ ifup
◈ ifdown
109.3 Basic network troubleshooting
Weight: 4
Description: Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.
Key Knowledge Areas:
◈ Manually configure network interfaces, including viewing and changing the configuration of network interfaces using iproute2.
◈ Manually configure routing, including viewing and changing routing tables and setting the default route using iproute2.
◈ Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
◈ Awareness of legacy net-tools commands.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
◈ ip
◈ hostname
◈ ss
◈ ping
◈ ping6
◈ traceroute
◈ traceroute6
◈ tracepath
◈ tracepath6
◈ netcat
◈ ifconfig
◈ netstat
◈ route
109.4 Configure client side DNS
Weight: 2
Description: Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.
Key Knowledge Areas:
◈ Query remote DNS servers.
◈ Configure local name resolution and use remote DNS servers.
◈ Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
◈ Debug errors related to name resolution.
◈ Awareness of systemd-resolved.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
◈ /etc/hosts
◈ /etc/resolv.conf
◈ /etc/nsswitch.conf
◈ host
◈ dig
◈ getent
Topic 110: Security
110.1 Perform security administration tasks
Weight: 3
Description: Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host security in accordance with local security policies.
Key Knowledge Areas:
◈ Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
◈ Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
◈ Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
◈ Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
◈ Determine which users have logged in to the system or are currently logged in.
◈ Basic sudo configuration and usage.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
◈ find
◈ passwd
◈ fuser
◈ lsof
◈ nmap
◈ chage
◈ netstat
◈ sudo
◈ /etc/sudoers
◈ su
◈ usermod
◈ ulimit
◈ who, w, last
110.2 Setup host security
Weight: 3
Description: Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.
Key Knowledge Areas:
◈ Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
◈ Turn off network services not in use.
◈ Understand the role of TCP wrappers.
The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
◈ /etc/nologin
◈ /etc/passwd
◈ /etc/shadow
◈ /etc/xinetd.d/
◈ /etc/xinetd.conf
◈ systemd.socket
◈ /etc/inittab
◈ /etc/init.d/
◈ /etc/hosts.allow
◈ /etc/hosts.deny
110.3 Securing data with encryption
Weight: 4
Description: The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and communication.
Key Knowledge Areas:
◈ Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
◈ Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys.
◈ Perform basic GnuPG configuration, usage and revocation.
◈ Use GPG to encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify files.
◈ Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).
◈ The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:
◈ ssh
◈ ssh-keygen
◈ ssh-agent
◈ ssh-add
◈ ~/.ssh/id_rsa and id_rsa.pub
◈ ~/.ssh/id_dsa and id_dsa.pub
◈ ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and id_ecdsa.pub
◈ ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 and id_ed25519.pub
◈ /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key and ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
◈ /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key and ssh_host_dsa_key.pub
◈ /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key and ssh_host_ecdsa_key.pub
◈ /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key and ssh_host_ed25519_key.pub
◈ ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
◈ ssh_known_hosts
◈ gpg
◈ gpg-agent
◈ ~/.gnupg/
Future Change Considerations
Future changes to the objective will/may include:
◈ Remove ifup/ifdown and legacy net-tools command
◈ Remove TCP wrappers
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