Syntax :
$ tr [OPTION] SET1 [SET2]
Options
-c : complements the set of characters in string.i.e., operations apply to characters not in the given set
-d : delete characters in the first set from the output.
-s : replaces repeated characters listed in the set1 with single occurrence
-t : truncates set1
Sample Commands
1. How to convert lower case to upper case
To convert from lower case to upper case the predefined sets in tr can be used.
$cat greekfile
Output:
WELCOME TO
LPICentral
$cat greekfile | tr “[a-z]” “[A-Z]”
Output:
WELCOME TO
LPICentral
or
$cat lpifile | tr “[:lower:]” “[:upper:]”
Output:
WELCOME TO
LPICENTRAL
2. How to translate white-space to tabs
The following command will translate all the white-space to tabs
$ echo "Welcome To LPICentral" | tr [:space:] '\t'
Output:
Welcome To LPICentral
3. How to translate braces into parenthesis
You can also translate from and to a file. In this example we will translate braces in a file with parenthesis.
$cat greekfile
Output:
{WELCOME TO}
LPICentral
$ tr '{}' '()' newfile.txt
Output:
(WELCOME TO)
LPICentral
The above command will read each character from “lpifile.txt”, translate if it is a brace, and write the output in “newfile.txt”.
4. How to use squeeze repetition of characters using -s
To squeeze repeat occurrences of characters specified in a set use the -s option. This removes repeated instances of a character.
OR we can say that,you can convert multiple continuous spaces with a single space
$ echo "Welcome To LPICentral" | tr -s [:space:] ' '
Output:
Welcome To LPICentral
5. How to delete specified characters using -d option
To delete specific characters use the -d option.This option deletes characters in the first set specified.
$ echo "Welcome To LPICentral" | tr -d 'w'
Output:
elcome To LPICentral
6. To remove all the digits from the string, use
$ echo "my ID is 73535" | tr -d [:digit:]
Output:
my ID is
7. How to complement the sets using -c option
You can complement the SET1 using -c option. For example, to remove all characters except digits, you can use the following.
$ echo "my ID is 73535" | tr -cd [:digit:]
Output:
73535
Or
$ echo “unix” | tr –c “u” “a”
Output:
Uaaa
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