Basic Regular Expression
Regular Expression provides an ability to match a “string of text” in a very flexible and concise manner. A “string of text” can be further defined as a single character, word, sentence or particular pattern of characters.
Like the shell’s wild–cards which match similar filenames with a single expression, grep uses an expression of a different sort to match a group of similar patterns.
◉ [ ]: Matches any one of a set characters
◉ [ ] with hyphen: Matches any one of a range characters
◉ ^: The pattern following it must occur at the beginning of each line
◉ ^ with [ ] : The pattern must not contain any character in the set specified
◉ $: The pattern preceding it must occur at the end of each line
◉ . (dot): Matches any one character
◉ \ (backslash): Ignores the special meaning of the character following it
◉ *: zero or more occurrences of the previous character
◉ (dot).*: Nothing or any numbers of characters.
Examples
(a) [ ] : Matches any one of a set characters
1. $grep “New[abc]” filename
It specifies the search pattern as :
Newa , Newb or Newc
2. $grep “[aA]g[ar][ar]wal” filename
It specifies the search pattern as
Agarwal , Agaawal , Agrawal , Agrrwal
agarwal , agaawal , agrawal , agrrwal
(b) Use [ ] with hyphen: Matches any one of a range characters
1. $grep “New[a-e]” filename
It specifies the search pattern as
Newa , Newb or Newc , Newd, Newe
2. $grep “New[0-9][a-z]” filename
It specifies the search pattern as: New followed by a number and then an alphabet.
New0d, New4f etc
(c ) Use ^: The pattern following it must occur at the beginning of each line
1. $grep “^san” filename
Search lines beginning with san. It specifies the search pattern as
sanjeev ,sanjay, sanrit , sanchit , sandeep etc.
2. $ls –l |grep “^d”
Display list of directories only
3. $ls –l |grep “^-”
Display list of regular files only
(d) Use ^ with [ ]: The pattern must not contain any character in the set specified
1. $grep “New[^a-c]” filename
It specifies the pattern containing the word “New” followed by any character other than an ‘a’,’b’, or ‘c’
2. $grep “^[^a-z A-Z]” filename
Search lines beginning with an non-alphabetic character
(e) Use $: The pattern preceding it must occur at the end of each line
$ grep "vedik$" file.txt
(f) Use . (dot): Matches any one character
$ grep "..vik" file.txt
$ grep "7..9$" file.txt
(g) Use \ (backslash): Ignores the special meaning of the character following it
1. $ grep "New\.\[abc\]" file.txt
It specifies the search pattern as New.[abc]
2. $ grep "S\.K\.Kumar" file.txt
It specifies the search pattern as
S.K.Kumar
(h) Use *: zero or more occurrences of the previous character
$ grep "[aA]gg*[ar][ar]wal" file.txt
(i) Use (dot).*: Nothing or any numbers of characters.
$ grep "S.*Kumar" file.txt
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