LPI WDE #5: Server-Side Programming with Databases and Node.js

The previous article in this series talked about JavaScript, the front-end programming language that makes web pages dynamic and enables interaction with the end user. Over the years, JavaScript has also expanded its server-side capabilities, finding applications in back-end programming. And this is where Node.js comes into play.

Node.js for back-end programming

Node.js is a runtime environment that allows you to handle requests received on the web server by running programs written in JavaScript. Node.js is a full-fledged development platform that enables running JavaScript, originally a client-side language, outside the browser, just like any other programming language.

This is where the real revolution lies: a language that was originally intended to be executed only within the browser is now executed outside of it.

From this, numerous advantages arise, including:

• Ease of learning: Developers who are already familiar with JavaScript and have been working on client-side programming don’t need to learn another programming language to develop their server-side applications. A front-end developer who already masters JavaScript can easily start working on the back-end part of an application without much effort.
• Ability to create complete and functional applications: Even with knowledge of just one programming language, JavaScript, it is possible to work as a full-stack developer who has expertise in both client-side and server-side development. This enables the creation of comprehensive and fully functional applications.
• Ability to create various types of applications: With an environment that allows the execution of JavaScript code, it is possible to create standalone programs that can run without the support of a web browser. This opens up possibilities for creating applications of different types and scenarios.

But why is Node.js so beloved by developers?

In addition to the aforementioned advantages, Node.js is an open source, cross-platform environment that boasts a large community of developers worldwide. Furthermore, it is based on an asynchronous, non-blocking, single-threaded, event-driven I/O model, ensuring high performance and excellent execution speed. It manages requests from clients efficiently.

The Linux Professional Institute’s (LPI) Web Development Essentials certificate, to which this series of content is dedicated, guides you step by step in creating simple Node.js applications. Moreover, if you have previously created web pages using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, you can start building the backend logic of your application, defining how the server should respond to specific user requests.

How to enhance your applications

Within a Node.js project, you can exploit a range of free resources and tools created by other developers to incorporate additional functions, improve productivity, and facilitate your work.

npm, short for Node Package Manager, is the package manager for the Node.js platform. It allows you to install, remove, and manage packages —pre-built projects created by other developers that implement specific functionalities— through a command-line interface. Think of npm as a large online repository for Node.js packages, each with its own unique features.

Among the countless packages available, there are some dedicated to interacting with databases. As mentioned in the first article of this series, back-end programming encompasses all aspects that are not directly visible to the end user, including integration with a database. If an application needs access to external data, it will most likely do so through a database, where the data is stored for quick retrieval.

LPI’s Web Development Essentials specifically covers SQLite, a software library that implements a relational database management system (RDBMS). In this type of database, data can be stored in interconnected tables and queried using simple and intuitive queries.

Database interrogation

Having a relational database at your disposal, you may wonder how to perform operations on it. SQL, which stands for Structured Query Language, is the querying language that allows you to manipulate data within a relational database. It is an extremely popular and user-friendly language that enables you to:

• Create and delete tables
• Define the fields and types of data allowed in each table, known as its schema
• Update data in tables
• Insert and delete rows in tables
• Retrieve information
• Maintain and optimize databases

Now it becomes clear why a relational database is also called an SQL database, precisely because of its query language!

Developers use SQL because it integrates very well with different programming languages. For example, to use SQLite in Node.js, you simply need to install a module using the npm package manager mentioned earlier. Once it’s installed, you will have access to a set of functions that allow you to create and maintain a relational database.

In addition to relational databases, which store information in related tables, there are also non-relational databases, also known as NoSQL databases. These have more flexible schemas and can be equally used in back-end applications. Non-relational databases use storage models optimized for the specific application and data to be stored (for example, information can be stored as simple key-value pairs). Databases of this type are characterized by ease of development, high performance, and excellent flexibility and scalability.

The following table lists the most popular relational and non-relational databases commonly used in back-end applications:

SQL Database	NoSQL Database
Microsoft SQL Server	MongoDB
SQLite	CouchDB
MySQL	Redis
MariaDB
PostgreSQL

Once you become familiar with the SQL language and the SQLite database, you can then, with some practice, try manipulating data within a non-relational database, discovering the pros and cons of such a solution.

What Next?

In this and the previous articles of the series, we have analyzed the main technologies covered by the WDE certification – HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Node.js, and SQL – and the programming environments where you can start taking your first steps as a web developer.

What is yet to be explored is which learning resources can best prepare you for the actual certification exam. In the upcoming articles of this series, I will show you the essential study materials to pass the Web Development Essentials certification, along with supplementary materials, exam simulations, and some tricks that will surely help you in your learning journey.

Source: lpi.org

Continue reading

Unleashing the Power of LPIC-3 Security: A Comprehensive Guide

In the ever-evolving landscape of digital security, LPIC-3 Security stands out as a beacon of robust protection. As we delve into the intricacies of LPIC-3 Security, this comprehensive guide aims not only to enlighten but to surpass existing resources, ensuring that you receive the most detailed and authoritative information available.

Understanding LPIC-3 Security

The Foundation of LPIC-3 Security

LPIC-3 Security, an advanced certification in the Linux Professional Institute Certification program, holds a pivotal role in fortifying systems against cyber threats. At its core, LPIC-3 Security is designed to validate the expertise of seasoned professionals in implementing comprehensive security measures within a Linux environment.

Navigating the Certification Landscape

To comprehend the significance of LPIC-3 Security, one must first navigate the intricate certification landscape it encompasses. Unlike its predecessors, LPIC-3 delves into advanced security concepts, ensuring that certified individuals are equipped to tackle the most sophisticated challenges in the cybersecurity domain.

Unraveling the LPIC-3 Security Syllabus

Domain 1: Cryptography

The first domain of LPIC-3 Security, Cryptography, unfurls the secrets of secure communication. From understanding encryption algorithms to implementing robust cryptographic protocols, this section ensures a deep dive into the world of securing sensitive information.

Domain 2: Access Control

Access Control, the second domain, takes center stage in fortifying the digital fortress. This section explores the nuances of user permissions, authentication mechanisms, and the implementation of access policies that form the bedrock of a secure Linux environment.

Domain 3: Network Security

In the realm of Network Security, LPIC-3 Security ventures into safeguarding the virtual highways. From firewalls to intrusion detection systems, certified professionals are adept at erecting impregnable barriers against cyber threats lurking in the digital shadows.

Domain 4: Application Security

Application Security, the final domain, shines a spotlight on securing the very heart of Linux systems—the applications. LPIC-3 certified individuals are not just guardians of data; they are custodians of the entire digital ecosystem, ensuring each application is a bastion of security.

Why LPIC-3 Security Matters

Industry Recognition

LPIC-3 Security isn't just a certification; it's a testament to expertise recognized globally. In an era where cyber threats transcend borders, possessing LPIC-3 Security certification is akin to having a universal key to the digital realm.

Career Advancement

For professionals navigating the labyrinth of cybersecurity careers, LPIC-3 Security serves as a career catalyst. Employers seek individuals with proven expertise, and LPIC-3 certified professionals stand tall as beacons of trust in a sea of uncertainties.

The LPIC-3 Advantage Over Competitors

Unparalleled Expertise

What sets LPIC-3 Security apart from its counterparts is the unparalleled expertise it imparts. Certified professionals not only understand the theory but have the hands-on skills to implement security measures effectively, a distinction that elevates them above the competition.

Real-world Application

LPIC-3 Security isn't confined to theoretical knowledge. The certification emphasizes real-world application, ensuring that every concept learned in the certification process translates seamlessly into practical, actionable solutions.

Achieving LPIC-3 Security Certification

Rigorous Training

Achieving LPIC-3 Security certification demands more than just theoretical understanding. Rigorous training, hands-on experience, and a commitment to staying abreast of the latest security trends are the cornerstones of success on this certification journey.

Resources for Success

To assist you on your LPIC-3 Security quest, a myriad of resources awaits. From official study guides to online forums where the community shares insights and challenges, the journey to certification is paved with resources that transform challenges into stepping stones.

Conclusion

In conclusion, LPIC-3 Security is not merely a certification; it's a commitment to excellence in the realm of Linux security. This comprehensive guide aims to be your compass, navigating the depths of LPIC-3 Security with precision and clarity. As the digital landscape continues to evolve, LPIC-3 Security remains an unwavering standard, and by embracing its principles, you not only secure systems but also elevate your status in the dynamic world of cybersecurity.

Continue reading

Unlocking the Power of LPIC-3 High Availability and Storage Clusters

In the dynamic landscape of IT infrastructure, LPIC-3 High Availability and Storage Clusters emerge as indispensable components, ensuring optimal performance, reliability, and scalability for organizations. At LPI Central, we take pride in navigating the intricate realm of these advanced systems to elevate your business operations to unprecedented levels of efficiency.

Understanding the Essence of LPIC-3 High Availability

What Sets LPIC-3 Apart?

LPIC-3, the Linux Professional Institute Certification Level 3, stands as a testament to expertise in Linux enterprise environments. High Availability (HA) and Storage Clusters, a significant facet of LPIC-3, are integral for businesses demanding continuous service and data accessibility.

Ensuring Reliability with High Availability

In the realm of LPIC-3, High Availability is the linchpin for businesses aiming to minimize downtime and guarantee uninterrupted service. Through meticulous planning and implementation, we fortify your infrastructure against potential failures, creating an environment where redundancy seamlessly takes over, ensuring business continuity.

Storage Clusters: The Backbone of Scalability

Seamless Data Management

Storage Clusters, a pivotal aspect of LPIC-3, redefine how organizations manage their data resources. Leveraging the power of clustering, we empower your business with a unified storage solution, enabling seamless scalability and resource optimization.

Redundancy for Unrivaled Data Protection

The core tenet of Storage Clusters is redundancy. By distributing data across multiple nodes, we safeguard against data loss, system failures, and bottlenecks. This not only enhances data protection but also guarantees swift data recovery, minimizing the impact of unforeseen events.

LPIC-3 Implementation: A Strategic Approach

Tailoring Solutions to Your Needs

At LPI Central, our LPIC-3 experts delve deep into understanding the unique requirements of your business. Whether you're a small enterprise or a large corporation, our tailored solutions ensure that LPIC-3 implementation aligns seamlessly with your organizational goals.

Performance Optimization

LPIC-3 isn't just about redundancy; it's about optimizing performance. Through meticulous configuration and continuous monitoring, we fine-tune your systems to operate at peak efficiency, ensuring that your business processes run smoothly, even under the heaviest workloads.

The Competitive Edge

Outpacing the Competition

In the fast-paced digital landscape, staying ahead is not an option; it's a necessity. LPIC-3 High Availability and Storage Clusters give you the competitive edge by providing a robust foundation for your IT infrastructure. Our expertise ensures that your business remains agile, resilient, and ready for future challenges.

The Future of IT Infrastructure

Embracing Innovation

As technology evolves, so does the need for advanced IT infrastructure. LPIC-3 is not just a certification; it's a commitment to embracing innovation. By choosing LPIC-3 High Availability and Storage Clusters, you're future-proofing your organization, ready to adapt to emerging technologies and evolving business landscapes.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the LPIC-3 High Availability and Storage Clusters certification catapults your organization into a realm of unparalleled reliability and scalability. At LPI Central, we don't just implement solutions; we architect success. Choose us for a future-ready IT infrastructure that propels your business to new heights.

Continue reading

Mastering LPI WDE #4: Spicing up the Web With Interaction via JavaScript

In the previous articles of this series, we have seen how HTML and CSS are the two fundamental languages for front-end programming. HTML allows you to structure a website, while CSS allows you to customize its visual appearance. The final piece we need to analyze for this type of programming is JavaScript.

This client-side scripting language enables dynamic and interactive web pages.

JavaScript is an actual programming language

Initially called Mocha and later renamed LiveScript, JavaScript is a programming language used in web development to create dynamic interactions with the end user. The language was initially called Mocha and passed through a stage of being called LiveScript. Although it was standardized under the ungainly name ECMAScript, everyone calls it JavaScript now.

Without JavaScript, web pages would consist only of HTML, CSS, and any included images or other media, resulting in static pages without any underlying logic and with minimal user interaction via forms.

JavaScript is the ideal language for:

• Modifying any element within an HTML page dynamically based on user/browser interaction
• Validating information within user forms
• Taking specific actions in response to user-generated events
• Adding and removing dynamic content

JavaScript is the actual engine behind web pages. Unlike other scripting languages, such as PHP, which are executed on the web server, JavaScript is executed directly by the browser, making it a client-side language.

Like most common programming languages, JavaScript allows you to define variables, create conditional statements, iterate through loops, and call other code through functions. The Linux Professional Institute’s (LPI) Web Development Essentials certification will guide you step by step in learning this programming language, starting from the basics and progressing to the creation of moderately complex objects and functions. By studying its features, you will fully understand how JavaScript integrates with HTML and CSS to visualize a website. This path is a great way for people with no knowledge of programming to become professional programmers.

DOM: the bridge from JavaScript to HTML via CSS

The DOM, an acronym for Document Object Model, is the bridge that connects the JavaScript language with HTML/CSS. DOM is a standard of the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium). It defines the interface that gives a scripting language like JavaScript dynamic access to the underlying document.

The DOM represents a document in a hierarchical tree structure, independent of the platform used and the browser. It is an essential tool for web page creators. When a web page is loaded in a browser, the DOM of the page is created. For example, Figure 1 shows the DOM of an elementary web page consisting of just a paragraph and a heading. Each node is seen as an object representing a part of the document.

Figure 1: The DOM is a standard that describes the objects of a web page and their relationships.

Through JavaScript and the DOM, it is possible to:

• Modify the content of an HTML element
• Modify the value of HTML element attributes
• Add or remove HTML elements
• Apply CSS customizations
• Handle events, which include actions by the user to interact with the web page

The DOM serves as the common link between HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, enabling the web developer to dynamically update the graphical presentation and even the content of every element within an HTML pag. It’s important to note that HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and DOM are all W3C standards. But don’t confuse them: The DOM is not part of JavaScript, and JavaScript is a means of getting access to the DOM.

Java is not JavaScript!

In addition to JavaScript, you have heard of Java. Be careful not to confuse them: Java is not an abbreviation for JavaScript! Despite sharing the term “Java,” the two languages are unrelated. (The history behind the names is this: Both languages were developed within a computer company called Sun Microsystems and were aimed at similar goals, so management decided to give Java and JavaScript similar names.)

As we have seen, JavaScript is an object-based scripting language. The source code is interpreted and executed line by line, here by the browser. On the other hand, Java is an object-oriented programming language. In this compiled language, the source code is converted to a more efficient form of code before actual execution.

A JavaScript program, as with any interpreted language, is slower than an equivalent program written in Java. However, JavaScript is also more flexible and easier to modify. Finally, it is essential to remember that JavaScript is a client-side programming language used in browsers for web pages and applications. At the same time, Java is generally executable in any environment and is used on the server side in web development.

Where to Insert JavaScript Code

As seen in the previous articles on HTML and CSS, you can start getting familiar with JavaScript by using any text editor available on your PC, downloading one of the text editors I recommended, or working within an integrated development environment (IDE). [Link to the HTML article]

You can integrate your JavaScript code into an HTML page by placing all the instructions within an HTML <script> tag or inserting the JavaScript code into an external file that the HTML page reads. It might be simpler to insert your code directly into the same HTML page if you have a limited number of instructions. For better organization and cleanliness, it is generally recommended to use the second option, as it allows you to separate the JavaScript code from the HTML content.

Now that JavaScript implements the final piece for basic front-end programming, you can start adding logic to the web pages you previously created with just HTML and CSS. This will result in dynamic and complete web pages. As you become more experienced, you can improve your interaction with the end user.

JavaScript is much more…

As we have seen, JavaScript is a client-side scripting language primarily used for web programming. However, this language is often used in other fields, such as mobile application development and the creation of simple browser-based games.

Over the years, JavaScript has evolved alongside the development of browsers such as Internet Explorer (now Microsoft Edge), Mozilla Firefox, and Google Chrome. The language has witnessed the creation and widespread adoption of numerous libraries and frameworks based on it, such as jQuery, Vue.js, React.js, and AngularJS. These frameworks and libraries were developed to extend JavaScript’s capabilities and simplify client-side programming.

Originally designed to be executed on the client side, JavaScript has also expanded its capabilities to the server side through the development of Node.js. This has allowed its use for backend programming as well. We will explore this aspect in the following article of the series.

Source: lpi.org

Continue reading

Mastering LPI WDE #3: Go Pro with CSS

The previous article in this series discussed the HTML language and how it gives semantic structure to text elements. Once the structure of a website has been created, it is necessary to customize it from a graphical point of view; that is, to apply styles. Without them, every website would be a simple combination of black text on a white background, perhaps embellished with other simple elements, such as links and images. CSS, an abbreviation for Cascading Style Sheets, comes to our rescue.

Why style sheets?

Imagine creating an HTML page and populating it with a series ofparagraphs, lists, images, and links. You will want to decide how to visually make your content more presentable. CSS style sheets serve precisely this purpose: They allow you to separate the scope of the document from its presentation, specifying how different HTML elements should be represented visually.

It is pointless to talk about HTML without mentioning CSS and vice versa. The interconnection between these two languages is very close: To create complete and visually attractive web pages, it is necessary to know the basics of both languages. CSS allows you to customize web pages, particularly to:

• Add backgrounds
• Add borders and margins
• Change the color of text, words, or portions of text
• Change font and sizes–that is, define the formatting of text
• Arrange content in a well-defined way
• Specify the types of bullets or numbering to use in lists

Think of a style sheet as a set of rules that specify properties of an element or group of elements within a web page. A CSS rule comprises a selector and one or more declarations. The selector picks out one or more elements within the document. The declarations, in turn, set the properties of the selected elements. For example, it is possible to color all paragraph text red, put a colored background on certain words, change the style of links within the document, and so on. The ultimate goal is to manage the entire layout of a website, making it visually more appealing to the end user.

The Web Development Essentials certification from the Linux Professional Institute (LPI) teaches you how to create basic CSS rules to add styles to your web pages. But CSS is much more than a set of simple static rules.

The power of CSS

Internet users have different monitors, each offering a wide range of possible resolutions. In addition, in recent years, the number of people who use smartphones and tablets to visit websites has been constantly growing. The display area on mobile devices is enormously different from computer monitors.

It is legitimate to ask, therefore:

“How can I create a website that is correctly displayed on every device?

Nowadays, a website must be responsive, a term meaning that the website responds differently based on the size of the display on which it is viewed. The web developer must try to free the end user, as much as possible, from resizing the pages they visit while reading the content. Good marketing for a company necessarily involves a website of this type, capable of adapting to the most modern devices, be they computers, tablets, or smartphones.

To achieve this, it is necessary to use so-called media queries, special CSS declarations that identify the device or one of its features (such as the maximum or minimum screen width) and apply different styles based on them. With media queries, CSS can manage behaviors based on the resolution of the device used, hiding elements or changing their size, and adapting the layout of different web pages to the screen size. It is also possible to change the structure of a document during printing by removing images, the navigation menu, advertising, and anything else that is considered superfluous.

Media queries can also do much more and customize your website in every way!

The Linux Professional Institute’s (LPI) Web Development Essentials certification details all the aspects necessary to create a responsive website. Still, it offers interesting insights to consider when designing a custom style sheet for a site that provides the best possible user browsing experience.

From Theory to Practice

As with HTML, you can create style sheets simply by using the text editor on your PC or one of the editors or IDE environments discussed in the previous lesson. You can insert your CSS rules into a specific section within your HTML file or create a new external file to which the HTML file refers. While the first option is ideal for style sheets with a limited number of CSS rules, the latter alternative has significant advantages:

• Your external style sheet can be used and shared on multiple pages.
• Your external style sheet will be stored in the browser cache, resulting in faster loading times.
• There will be a clear separation between content and presentation, leaving the code tidier and easier to maintain.

Now you just need to experiment and create an attractive layout for your web pages. The last piece on the front-end side, which fits between HTML and CSS, is JavaScript, a scripting language used to make web pages dynamic and allow interaction with the end user. We will cover JavaScript in the next episode of the series.

Source: lpi.org

Continue reading

Boost Your IT Career by Learning DevOps with LPI

DevOps combines development (dev) and operations (ops) to increase the efficiency, speed, and security of software development and delivery compared to traditional processes.

DevOps is a software engineering methodology that aims to integrate the work of software development and software operations teams by facilitating a culture of collaboration and shared responsibility.

With the evolution of technology and the growing need for automation in the IT industry, LPI (Linux Professional Institute) released its DevOps Tools Engineer certification program to match the needs of the market through tailored learning paths for qualified professionals. DevOps can also be defined as a way of thinking–a philosophy and an organizational culture. Developers, designers, and system administrators/integrators all need to unite forces through the DevOps methodology for a transition to a more automated and even better, more autonomous delivery of IT products.

The application of DevOps from a technical point of view requires the mastery and use of various DevOps tools. This is why this certification program explores the concepts of:

• Source code management using Git
• Continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) processes using Jenkins
• Machine deployment through Vagrant
• Containerisation and container orchestration technologies such as Docker with its related technologies (Dockerfile, Docker Compose, Docker Swarm, Docker Stack) and Kubernetes
• Building images with Packer
• Host configuration management with Ansible, Chef and Puppet
• Infrastructure monitoring using Prometheus and Grafana to collect metrics and visualize the result graphically
• Log management and analysis using Elasticsearch, Logstash and Kibana

However, these tools cannot be mastered without a sufficient basis in Linux practices. This is why it is recommended to have that base in Linux to facilitate your understanding and mastery of DevOps tools at the end of the certification program.

Today, recruitment for DevOps positions is increasing, showing the growing need for automation and the cohesion of “Dev” and “Ops” teams in our IT industry. It is clear that having a certification nowadays is an added advantage in finding and getting a job, especially in the DevOps trend.

This is why I have made my book available to the community (available for free download at the LPI Learning Materials site and for purchase as an ebook) to build and initialize the basic DevOps concepts through practical examples that cover the whole program stated earlier. This book will help you in your certification journey.

My book can also help trainers deliver training courses and help enthusiasts and beginners get certified through the two essential elements: detailed course material with some practices (available for free), and another document containing all the practical use cases on the open source DevOps tools. The latter, with the source code, is available for purchase. I maintain my tools in a Gitlab/Github repository to ensure regular updates.

The content of this course package implies regular updates to the code used for the practical, real-world use case implementation. Suggestions and updates to the content are welcome.

Source: lpi.org

Continue reading

LPIC-3 High Availability and Storage Clusters: Ensuring Optimal Performance and Reliability

In the ever-evolving landscape of IT infrastructure, high availability and storage clusters play a pivotal role in ensuring optimal performance and reliability for businesses and organizations. In this comprehensive guide, we delve deep into the world of LPIC-3 High Availability and Storage Clusters, shedding light on the intricacies and best practices that can help you leverage these technologies to their fullest potential.

Understanding the Significance of High Availability and Storage Clusters

What Are High Availability and Storage Clusters?

High Availability (HA) and Storage Clusters are integral components of modern IT infrastructure. They are designed to mitigate downtime and data loss, two factors that can have a severe impact on businesses. High Availability Clusters are setups in which multiple servers work together to ensure that applications and services remain accessible even if one or more servers fail. Storage Clusters, on the other hand, focus on the management of data storage resources, providing redundancy and scalability.

Why Are They Important?

High Availability and Storage Clusters are crucial for businesses today due to several reasons:

◉ Business Continuity: HA clusters guarantee that your critical services keep running, even in the face of hardware failures or maintenance activities.

◉ Data Protection: Storage clusters ensure that data is stored redundantly, reducing the risk of data loss.

◉ Scalability: Both types of clusters can scale seamlessly to accommodate growing workloads.

◉ Performance: Clusters can distribute the load, ensuring optimal performance and responsiveness.

LPIC-3 Certification: A Glimpse

Before we dive deeper into LPIC-3 High Availability and Storage Clusters, let's understand what LPIC-3 certification is and why it matters.

LPIC-3: The Pinnacle of Linux Professional Certification

The LPIC-3 certification is the highest level of professional certification offered by the Linux Professional Institute (LPI). It is a globally recognized certification that validates your expertise in Linux enterprise environments, making it a must-have for IT professionals aiming to excel in their careers.

Why LPIC-3 Certification Matters

Obtaining an LPIC-3 certification demonstrates your advanced skills and knowledge in Linux enterprise environments. It not only enhances your career prospects but also equips you with the expertise needed to manage high availability and storage clusters effectively.

LPIC-3 High Availability and Storage Clusters: In-Depth Insights

Leveraging the Power of HA Clusters

High Availability clusters, often powered by solutions like Pacemaker and Corosync, are designed to keep critical services up and running. Let's take a closer look at how you can make the most of these clusters.

Resource Management

HA clusters employ resource agents to monitor and manage resources. These agents ensure that services are available and can be automatically moved to healthy nodes in case of a failure.

Quorum Mechanism

The quorum mechanism in HA clusters is essential for making decisions in case of network partitions. It helps prevent "split-brain" scenarios, ensuring data integrity.

Failover and Load Balancing

High Availability clusters excel at automatic failover. If a node goes down, the services it was running are automatically migrated to another healthy node, minimizing downtime. Load balancing ensures that no single node is overwhelmed with traffic.

Unraveling the Secrets of Storage Clusters

Storage clusters are the backbone of data management in enterprise environments. Here's a deep dive into the world of storage clusters.

Redundancy and Data Protection

One of the primary goals of storage clusters is to provide redundancy. Redundancy ensures that even if a storage node fails, data remains accessible. This is achieved through technologies like RAID and distributed file systems.

Scalability

Storage clusters can scale horizontally by adding more nodes to the cluster, ensuring that storage capacity can be increased as the organization grows.

Data Backup and Recovery

Data backup and recovery mechanisms are integral to storage clusters. They provide peace of mind, knowing that data can be restored in case of accidental deletions or hardware failures.

Preparing for LPIC-3 Certification

Obtaining LPIC-3 certification is a significant achievement, and it requires thorough preparation. Here are some key steps to help you succeed in your LPIC-3 journey:

1. Build Strong Linux Fundamentals

Before delving into LPIC-3, ensure that you have a solid understanding of Linux fundamentals. LPIC-1 and LPIC-2 certifications are excellent starting points.

2. Study Relevant Documentation

The Linux Professional Institute provides detailed exam objectives and study resources. Utilize these to structure your preparation effectively.

3. Hands-On Practice

Practical experience is invaluable. Set up your own high availability and storage clusters using virtual machines or physical hardware to gain hands-on experience.

4. Take Practice Exams

Practice exams are excellent tools to gauge your preparedness. They mimic the actual exam environment and help identify areas that need improvement.

5. Join a Community

Engage with the Linux and LPIC-3 communities. Forums, blogs, and discussion boards can be excellent resources for learning and problem-solving.

Conclusion

LPIC-3 High Availability and Storage Clusters are indispensable components of modern IT infrastructure. They ensure business continuity, data protection, scalability, and optimal performance. Obtaining the LPIC-3 certification equips you with the skills needed to manage these clusters effectively, making you a valuable asset in the IT industry.

Continue reading

Alexandre Barelli: Introducing FOSS Into a Government Agency

I was fortunate to be introduced to the GNU/Linux operating system and related free and open source software (FOSS) early in my career. As I rose through government ranks in the São Paulo state of Brazil I brought this FOSS knowledge into those institutions and incorporated efficient, reliable solutions into their operations. This article traces my professional development as a programmer and manager, and how my colleagues and I have implemented FOSS solutions in our work.

My Pre-Linux Beginnings in Computing

From a young age, technology has fascinated me. My initial foray into computing was with a CCE Exato Pro, a Brazilian creation compatible with the IBM XT. This modest machine, a white box with a keyboard and a 5 1/4” floppy drive, could connect to old CRT TVs. Eventually, I upgraded it with a 13-inch green phosphor CRT monitor.

Back then, graphical interfaces like Windows weren’t common in households. Instead, at that time, large corporations and banks operated colossal machines known as mainframes, which used magnetic tapes for storage.

I started my IT journey with the Microsoft DOS 3.11 operating system. Over time, I experienced its evolution up to Windows 3.0 and also encountered OS X platforms (the predecessor to MacOS) on the vintage Macintosh.

As I delved deeper into tech, I enrolled in a data processing school. During this period, I crafted low-level libraries in C and assembly language. These were designed to assist my colleague, Gleydson Nunes, in enhancing his applications developed in the Clipper language, alongside a database manager known as Dbase III Plus – which, by today’s standards, might be better termed an information organizer rather than a full-fledged database.

Entry Into Government and Open Source

From 2005 to 2011, I served as an operations manager at a data center in the state government of São Paulo. One of the most captivating aspects of my role was managing an automated backup “robot” equipped with magnetic tape cartridges, a System 360 series mainframe, and four IBM RISC technology servers operating on the IBM AIX 5 Unix system.

My interactions with our technical teams were pivotal. Geraldo, an operations analyst, and Enzo, a support analyst, set up a Unix test environment on the RISC machines. They guided me through essential Unix commands via a dedicated terminal on my workstation.

While I was primarily involved in managerial tasks, I’ve always been drawn to hands-on operational work. These technicians introduced me to the Linux operating system. Its most significant advantage was its adaptability for both personal and professional computers, offering an experience akin to corporate Unix.

We began our Linux journey with Red Hat Enterprise Linux and OpenSUSE. Geraldo challenged me to download and integrate a recent kernel from the official site, then compile it with the current machine distribution. This experiment was exhilarating up until my first “kernel panic.” I had to reinstall everything, which taught me a crucial lesson: Significant changes require meticulous planning…

Going Linux Pro

From 2011 to 2016, I was positioned at the São Paulo state government’s palace. Our Chief Secretary was keen on automating numerous dated manual procedures, especially within the State Civil Defense Department and the Dignitary Security Department. This migration presented multiple challenges.

Our modest team consisted of two full-stack developers, a security analyst, and a supervising programmer. Despite our tight budget, we developed an array of solutions primarily using PHP, HTML, and CSS. We also incorporated XAMPP as a system integrator along with MySQL Server for databases and Apache Server for web apps.

Generously, our former workplace donated five servers and a sizable storage unit to us. After completing a course at 4Linux school in Vila Mariana, São Paulo, I gravitated toward the Debian distribution. Effortlessly, I deployed our solutions on these servers. Over time, we began phasing out XAMPP in favor of the OS’s native apps.

Geraldo, who initially introduced me to Linux, played a pivotal role in setting up the storage solution and integrating the Network Attached Storage (NAS) with our Debian-based servers.

In 2016, I transitioned to the coastal region of São Paulo, taking on the role of Head of the Military Police Operations Center. Even there, I remained engrossed in the open source domain, using FOSS to assist in implementing various solutions to everyday challenges. Several of the apps we developed are still in active use today across various government departments in São Paulo. These applications, once hosted on our legacy servers, have since migrated to a cloud-based state government platform.

Linux: From Passion to Profession, from Profession to Passion

The Linux ecosystem provides a unique advantage: the freedom to customize deployments according to specific needs. It offers openness and immediate utility, requiring only the will and the aptitude to delve into this world.

Historically, in a corporate setting, there was a notable scarcity of Linux-skilled personnel for support and operations. Even now, in Brazil, experts in this domain are highly sought after, making them distinct assets in various industries. Acquiring official certifications, especially from renowned institutions like LPI, remains a significant career booster for those aspiring to specialize in Linux administration within the corporate sphere.

While my primary role has centered on team leadership, I’ve been focusing on honing my expertise in the operation and management of Linux and open-source platforms. My goal is to expand this knowledge base, aspiring to become a Linux and DevOps specialist, with an emphasis on cybersecurity.

Recalling our mention of the dignitary security department solution, an interesting turn of events has brought the primary tech consumer from that era into my present-day professional journey – he is now my superior. It’s a testament to how intertwined our paths can be.

I share this narrative with the hope that it inspires emerging professionals to delve deep into the captivating realm of Linux and open-source applications. Wishing everyone the best in their endeavors!

Source: lpi.org

Continue reading

Mastering LPI WDE #2: HTML, the Foundation of Web

When we browse the Internet, we move from one web page to another, pulling up a myriad of types of information and using various services. It’s like consulting an immense virtual library where each book can be compared to an interconnected web page with other pages on the network.

A web page is a digital document containing information of various kinds that can be accessed by an end user. But how is it possible to create documents like this?

The importance of HTML

At the base of every web page is the HTML language. Born in the late 80s, it is the acronym for HyperText Markup Language. HTML is a language through which we can semantically specify which elements we want to display within a web page and how to arrange them. Through this language, we can create rich user experiences with text, including the following:

• Format texts (create titles and paragraphs, put words or portions of text in bold or italic, etc.)
• Create numbered and unnumbered lists
• Insert links
• Insert embedded content (images, audio, and video)
• Create forms for users to fill and out submit
• Create tables

Each web page follows a well-defined structure, and each individual part that makes it up has a specific meaning: Titles, paragraphs, lists, tables, and words in bold or emphasis are specified through appropriate tags or labels, the HTML markers that give instructions to the brower on how to format and display the content of the tags themselves.

A simple example:

<p> Hello LPI! </p>

This way, we define a paragraph that will be displayed on the browser. The corresponding tag that tells the browser to create a paragraph element is “p,” and in this case, “<p>” is the opening tag, while “</p>” is the closing tag. The tags will not be visible to the web site’s visitor, but the “Hello LPI!” text contained between the opening and closing tags will be shown on the screen.

Don’t worry! At first, writing in HTML may seem a bit strange. Still, as you become familiar with this language, it will feel natural, as if you were writing simple text. As with everything, you just have to practice a lot!

In your learning path for the Web Development Essentials certificate from the Linux Professional Institute (LPI) , you will learn how to create and format web pages by understanding the main tags that define the essential elements in a document, their semantic meaning, and their main attributes that are helpful in specifying the details of the element to which they refer.

Okay, where can I start?

Learning the HTML language is often considered the first step toward the world of web programming. To write HTML pages, you do not need complex tools; you simply need a common text editor such as the classic Notepad (vim or Kate if you want to stay FOSS).

Some tools that can help you are:

• Visual Studio Code: A simple source code editor from Microsoft with additional features such as debugging, code completion, and version control. It is freely downloadable, cross-platform, flexible, and has many extensions to expand its features according to your needs. It is ideal for beginners.
• Komodo Edit: A free and open source, very powerful, and highly customizable text editor. It has classic code editor features such as automatic completion and indentation, but unfortunately does not support debugging.
• Sublime Text: A multi-platform and multi-language source code editor. It has numerous plug-ins that make it highly versatile and suitable for every need. It can be used for free for an unlimited time, but the free version shows frequent alert messages that prompt the user to switch to the pro version.

To start, I suggest you use a basic text editor on your computer: this way, you can become familiar with the main tags and their attributes, consolidating your knowledge as much as possible. Once familiar with the HTML language, you can use a text editor like the ones just mentioned and explore its functionalities. Discovering such an editor’s features can be very interesting for your learning path.

You have surely heard of Microsoft’s Visual Studio or Apple’s Xcode, just to name two of the most popular IDEs in circulation. Again, you have plenty of FOSS alternatives: Eclipse, MonoDevelop, or Apache NetBeans, to name a few.

There are also more sophisticated and complete development environments that you will undoubtedly encounter once you enter the world of work. They are called integrated desktop environments (IDEs) and are designed to make developers’ lives easier so that they can work more efficiently, supported by a single program. An integrated development environment provides programmers with a text editor and other more or less sophisticated tools that cover the entire software development process: Code creation and automation, intelligent completion, compilation, testing, and debugging are some of the features offered by an IDE that will allow you to improve your productivity and become a more efficient programmer.

As shown in Figure 1, the functionality of a code editor is a subset of the functionality of an IDE.

Next steps

As described in the previous article, HTML is–along with CSS and JavaScript–a front-end programming language, since it creates that part of the website visible to the end user and processed on the client side. Once the structure of a web page and its fundamental elements are defined, it is necessary to customize it from a graphic point of view. To do this, the CSS language comes to our rescue. CSS is responsible for designing and presenting web pages from an aesthetic point of view and, therefore, complements HTML. We will see the details in the next episode of the series.

Source: lpi.org

Continue reading